role of phosphorus
metabolism
phosphorus to calcium ration should be _:_ but is more often at least _:_
1:1 ; 1.5:1
top sources of phosphorus
milk and meat
hypophosphatemia
phosphate deficiency due to long term use of antacids; characterized by muscle weakness
dental implications of phosphate deficiency
incomplete calcification of teeth
dentin formation failure
increased caries susceptibility
roles of iron
removal of lipids from the blood
detoxify drugs from the liver
production of antibodies
top sources of iron
meat, egg yolk, dark green veggies (iron is the most difficult mineral to obtain in adequate amounts)
iron requirements
women = 18mg/day
men = 8 mg/day
difference is due to blood lost during menstruation
hemosiderosis
aka hemochromatosis
a hereditary disorder characterized by excess iron stores, causes fatigue and weakness
oral signs of iron deficiency anemia
pallor of lips and mucosa
angular cheilitis
atrophy of filiform papilla (glossitis)
iron should be taken with foods rich in _____ to increase absorption
vitamin C
if iron is taken with ______ or ______ absorption may be decreased
milk or calcium
good oral healthcare should be maintained when patient is taking ____ supplements to avoid ______ ______.
iron; extrinsic staining
roles of magnesium
metabolism
controlling blood pressure
integrity of muscle and nerves
top sources of magnesium
nuts, beans, green leafy veggies
magnesium is the __ most prevalent mineral in the body
3rd
when magnesium is present in a hyperstate it acts as a ________
laxative
taking a ______ may cause a magnesium hypostate
diuretic
dental implications of a magnesium hypostate
hypoplasia of enamel and dentin during development
alveolar bone may be reduced
vitamin B2
riboflavin
roles of B2
protein metabolism
healthy eyes and mucous membranes
synthesis of niacin
top sources of B2
dairy, meat, grains/cereal
dental implications of B2 hypostate
angular cheilitis and glossitis
vitamin B3
niacin
roles of B3
metabolism
(supplements reduce LDLs and triglycerides while increasing HDLs)
top sources of B3
meat, dairy, cereal
dental implications of B3 hypostate
glossitis and mucosa becomes reddened
pellegra
B3 hypostate
3 Ds- diarrhea, dermatitis and depression/dementia
B3 hyperstate
vasodilation and flushing of the skin (250+ mg of nicotinic acid daily)
populations that may be deficient in vitamin B3
people on Isoniazid for a prolonged period of time (tx of TB), alcoholics and people on a primarily maize diet
vitamin B6
pyridoxine
roles of B6
metabolism & energy production from glycogen
hemoglobin synthesis
top sources of B6
meat, whole grains, fruits and nuts
dental implications of B6 hypostate
cheilosis and glossitis
B6 is one of the B vitamins _____ when grains are ______ and it (is/is not) put back
removed; enriched; is not
B6 supplements are given for treatment of ______ ______ ______
carpal tunnel syndrome
populations that may be deficient in B6
alcoholics, elderly (>65), pregnant women, and low socioeconomic status
deficiency can be caused by?
Isoniazid or theophylline
deficiencies of B vitamins rarely occur _____
alone
vitamin B12
cobalamin (only vitamin that contains a mineral-cobalt)
role of B12
formation and regeneration of RBCs
synthesis of myelin (affects transmission of nerve impulses/essential for normal functioning of nervous system)
top sources of B12
liver, NE clam chowder with milk, fortified cereal
dental implications of B12 hypostate
glossitis preceded by burning tongue syndrome
primary cause of B12 deficiency
lack of intrinsic factor R binder
pernicious anemia
B12 deficiency; characterized by large RBCs and glossitis
concomitant use of megadoses of vitamin __ can destroy B12
C
proton pump inhibitors ______ affect B12 status
negatively
population that is often deficient in B12
vegans; B12 is found in meat
B12 is stored in the ____ for _-_ years.
liver; 3-4
role of folate
maintains normal level of RBCs with vitamins C and B12
proper formation of neural tubes during fetal development
top sources of folate
green leafy veggies, fortified cereals and grains, legumes
folate deficiency is associated with:
spina bifida and other neural tube defects
cleft palate and lip
glossitis
glossitis
tongue becomes painful, scarlet (deep red), and edematous; tongue may have granular appearance; advanced glossitis-entire tongue may become atrophic and patchy