Fluids
A. A fluid is composed of molecules that move past one another freely, adapting to the shape of the container that holds it.
B. Body fluid is the liquid portion of cells and tissues.
1. Between 50 and 70% of a healthy adult's body weight is fluid.
a. Two-
Electrolytes
Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance.
a. Water follows the movement of electrolytes through osmosis.
b. Cells regulate osmotic pressure to maintain fluid balance.
c. Life-threatening fluid and electrolyte imbalances can result from excessive diarrhea
Fluid Balance - maintain
The thirst mechanism prompts us to drink fluids.
1. The thirst mechanism in the hypothalamus prompts thirst.
a. Increased salt concentration causes thirst.
b. Reduction in blood volume or blood pressure causes thirst.
c. Dryness in the tissues of the mout
Nutrients Involved in Hydration and Neuromuscular Function.
Water
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Phosphorus
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte.
1. Phosphorus is an essential constituent of all cells.
a. Phosphorus works with potassium to maintain proper fluid balance.
b. Phosphorus is part of the mineral complex of bone.
c. Pho
Chloride
Chloride is a negative ion.
1. Chloride has several important roles in the body.
a. Chloride works with sodium to assist with the maintenance of fluid balance.
b. Chloride is part of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.
c. Chloride works with the white
Potassium
Potassium is the major positive ion in the intracellular fluid.
1. Potassium has many roles in the body.
a. Potassium and sodium work together to maintain proper fluid balance.
b. Potassium has a major role in muscle contraction and transmission of nerve
Sodium
Sodium is an essential nutrient that our body needs to function optimally.
1. Sodium has a variety of functions.
a. Sodium is the major positive ion in extracellular fluid.
b. Its exchange with potassium across cell membranes allows cells to maintain prop
Hydration and Neuromuscular Function.
A Profile of Nutrients Involved in Hydration and Neuromuscular Function.
A. Water is essential for life.
1. Although fluid requirements are individualized, a general guideline is to drink eight 8-ounce glasses daily.
2. Water input comes from metabolism,
Electrolytes
Electrolytes support many body functions.
1. Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance.
a. Water follows the movement of electrolytes through osmosis.
b. Cells regulate osmotic pressure to maintain fluid balance.
c. Life-threatening fluid and electrolyte i
Body Flluid
Body fluid is the liquid portion of cells and tissues.
1. Between 50 and 70% of a healthy adult's body weight is fluid.
a. Two-thirds of our body fluid is intracellular fluid.
b. One-third of our body fluid is extracellular fluid.
i. Interstitial fluid fl
Disorders Are Related to Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances
Dehydration
Heat stroke
Water intoxication or overhydration is rare.
Hypertension
Neuropsychiatric disorders can result from electrolyte imbalances.
Muscle disorders can result from electrolyte imbalances.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a depletion of body fluid that results when water excretion exceeds water intake.
1. Dehydration commonly occurs as a result of heavy exercise or exposure to high environmental temperatures.
2. Infants and elderly people are at higher risk
Heat stroke
Heat stroke is a potentially fatal response to high temperature characterized by failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms
Water intoxication or overhydration is rare.
Water intoxication or overhydration is rare.
Hypertension
Hypertension is a major chronic disease.
1. Hypertension affects almost 25% of American adults.
2. Optimal blood pressure is less than or equal to 120/80.
3. What causes hypertension?
a. Ninety-five percent is primary hypertension with the cause unknown.
Muscle disorders can result from electrolyte imbalances.
Muscle disorders can result from electrolyte imbalances.
1. Seizures are uncontrollable muscle spasms.
2. Muscle cramps are involuntary, spasmodic, and painful muscle contractions that last for many seconds or even minutes.
Hyponatremia
abnormally low level of sodium in the blood
324
Fluid
a continuous amorphous substance that tends to flow and to conform to the outline of its container: a liquid or a gas
muscle 70% fluid
fat tissue10-20% fluid
75% of infant is water
Elderly 50% of body is water
324
Intracellular fluid
liquid contained inside the cell membranes (usually containing dissolved solutes)
2/3 of body fluids
324
Extracellular fluid
all body fluid other than that contained within cells; includes plasma and interstitial fluid
324
Interstitial fluid
liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body
324
Intravascular fluid
fluid contained within vascular channels (about one-twentieth of the total body weight)
Solutes
the dissolved substance in a solution
critical to life
4 major minerals
sodium
potassium
cholrine
phosphorus
325
electrolytes
mineral substances, such as sodium and potassium, that are normally found in the blood
mineral salts
326
solvent
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
326
Ions
electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
326
Blood Volume
8.5 - 9.1% of total body weight, \
amount of fluid in the blood; when low, blood pressure low; when blood volume high, causes pressure against the blood vessel walls, high blood pressure
326
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
326
Renin
enzyme that is produced by the kidney; important for blood pressure and volume regulation; catalyzes the conversion of circulating angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
326
Angiotensin II
increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water and by releasing aldosterone
326
Aldosterone
salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure
326
Fluids - Body Temperture
Fluids are vital to maintain temp
327
Fluids - Lubricate tissues
protect and lub
protects vital tissues
synovial tissue lubricates joints
327
Electrolytes - fluid balance
Water follows the movement of electrolytes, moving by osmosis, to areas where the concentration of electrolytes is higher, this allows for the controlled movement of fluids into and out of cells, and osmotic pressure keeps electrolytes in solution from dr
Osmosis
diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
328
Osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectivelyer meable membrane
328
Electrolytes - stimuli
nerves, stimuli
329
Depolarization
the process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive
329
Action Potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. the action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.
329
Repolarization
after Na+ ions have rushed into the cell, K+ ions rush out of the cell to restore the balance and the original polarity
329
hypothalamus
a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
330
Thrist Mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood
or a decrease in blood and blood volume.
or dryness in the tissues of the mouth and throa
Metabolic water
the water formed as a by-product of our body's metabolic reactions
331
Sensible water loss
water loss directly related to the stimulation of the sweat glands;occurs through visible perspiration
331
Insensible water loss
The loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing.
332
Diuretics
medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt
332
Water
a fluid necessary for the life of most animals and plants
333
Hyponatremia
abnormally low level of sodium in the blood
335
Sodium
a nutrient that helps control the amount of fluid in your body
19-50 1.5g/day or 1,500 mg/day = 1/2 tsp salt
335
Bottled water
336
Sodium - food sources
processed, convenience foods, fast foods, condiments
337
Hypernatremia
excessive amounts of sodium in the blood
338
Hyponatremia
abnormally low level of sodium in the blood
338
Potassium
helps build protein; maintains fluids; helps nerves communicate; helps muscles contract
338
Hyperkalemia
higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood
339
Hypokalemia
abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities
340
Chloride
any salt of hydrochloric acid (containing the chloride ion)
- charge ion
340
Chloride - function
1st anion of extracellular fluid
maintains fluid and electrolyte balance
part of HCl found in stomach
341
Chloride - consumption
19-50 2.3 g/day or 2,300mg/day
salt = about 60% chloride
500mg of salt would contain 300mg of chloride
500mg x 0.60 = 300mg
341
Phosphorus
this is an electrolyte. Has opposite effect of calcium. Too much causes ventricular dysrthmias & cardiac arrest. Too little causes conduction problems, T & B-cardia. NORMAL 2.7 - 4.5
341
Phytic acid
the form of phosphorus stored in plants
342
Dehydration
343
Heat Stroke
caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures. is is a medical emergency. the body is unable to eliminate the excess heat, and internal body temp. rises to/over 150 degrees
344
Overhydration
occurs when water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels, also known as hypo-osmolar imbalance or water intoxication
345
hypertension
a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
345
Systolic Blood Pressure
pressure in the artery when the left ventricle is contracting to force the blood into the aorta and other arteries
345
Diastolic Blood Pressure
pressure in the artery when the ventricles are relaxing and the heart is filling, receiving blood from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.
345
Salt sensitivity
a characteristic of individuals who respond to a high salt intake with an increase in blood pressure or to a low salt intake with a decrease in blood pressure.
345
Salt resistant
describes an individual whose body presents resistance to change in blood pressure as a result of salt intake
345
Hypertension - 5 lifestyle changes
lose weight
increase physical activity
reduce alcohol intake
reduce sodium intake
eat more veggie, grains, fruits and low fat dairy
346
DASH diet
higher fruit and veg, nuts, fish, whole grains, dairy
lower red meat, sat/trans fats, salt
346
Hypertension - medications
Typically begin with diuretics or ?-blockers, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors & angiotensin receptor blockers useful in hypertension, congestive heart failure & diabetes.
347
Neuromuscular disorders
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
348
Obesity
more than average fatness
348
Seizures
a neurological dysfunction caused by a sudden episode of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain that may result in the involuntary, uncontrolled muscle contractions. usually characterized by LOC and involuntary spasmodic muscle twitching.
348
Muscle Cramps
sudden and sometimes painful contractions of the muscles
348