5 Nutrients Involved in fluid and electrolyte balance
Water, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, chloride
Water __________ tissues
Protects and Lubricates
Water maintains _________
Body temp
(T or F) Water , Solvent, transports nutrients
True
Water needs
1 - 1.5 ml of water/kcal expended
Water sources
Water and other fluids
Foods
Metabolic water
Water balance is regulated by ______ and _______ (adjusted by kidneys)
Thirst
Water losses
Fluid and electrolyte imbalances result in _______ and ________
dehydration
Heat stroke
Fluid excretion exceeds intake is __________
dehydration
Symptoms of dehydration consist of _______ and ________ and __________. If severe, ________ and ________
Headache, Thirst, problems concentrating
coma and death
Body's heat - regulating system fails, excessive fluid loss is a ________
Heat Stroke
The functions of sodium are ________ , ________ and __________
Fluid Balance
Acid - Base balance
Nerve transmission
Sodium Food sources
Processed Foods
Lunch meats
Canned soups
Packaged rice/pasta mixes
Only _____ % of sodium comes from salt added at the table
15
Are sodium deficiencies are rare?
Yes
Sodium deficiencies can be caused by severe _______, _______ and _________
Diarrhea
vomiting
prolong sweating
_________ can occur in athletes who lose excessive sodium and drink lots of water
Hyponatremia
Excessive amounts of sodium contribute to ________, _________, and possibly to __________
Hypertension
Edema
bone loss
Potassium works with _________ to maintain _______ _________, ____________ contraction
Sodium, fluid balance
Muscle
Potassium also helps maintain __________ and regulate _______ _______
heartbeat
blood pressure
9, but not limited to, food sources of potassium are.....
Potatoes, winter squash, legumes, bananas, oranges, cantaloupe, dairy, whole grains, meats.
Generally _______ and ________ are the best sources of potassium
Fresh fruits and vegetables
Is potassium deficiency rare?
Yes
Potassium deficiency can occur with _________ disease, extreme _________, _________, or _________ or use of ___________
kidney
dehydration
vomiting
diarrhea
diuretics
Potassium deficiency symptoms can be _________ weakness, and ________
muscle
confusion
If potassium deficiency is severe then abnormal _______ _________ can happen. This can be fatal
heart rhythms
High _______ ________ also is a factor for low intake of potassium
blood pressure
Potassium toxicities usually only occurs with ________ disease. Can cause _______ _______ abnormalities. This can be fatal
kidney
heart rhythm
________ and _________ are minerals that act as electrolytes
Chloride
phosphorus
6 nutrients that help maintain bone health
Calcium
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Fluoride
______ ________ are the peak bone building years
Early Teens
________ is part of the structure of bones and teeth
Calcium
______ transmission and _____ contraction are functions of _______
Nerve
Muscle
Calcium
On average, we absorb about ____ % of our calcium intake
30
Children and teens absorb about ____ % of calcium
60
Pregnancy and lactation absorb about ___ % of calcium
50
Vitamin __ is necessary for calcium absorption
D
Is it true that other minerals in excess can decrease calcium absorption?
Yes
Broccoli, kale, bok choy, collard and mustard greens are good sources of ______
Calcium
What is the most common calcium supplement?
Calcium carbonate
calcium malate is used in fortified _____
juices
Avoid _____ _____, _____ _____, ______, and ______ because they could be contaminated with lead.
Oyster shells
bone meal
dolomate
coral calcium
Shot-term calcium deficiencies are _________
no symptoms because blood levels are well regulated
Long-term calcium deficiencies are increased risk of ________
osteoporosis
Calcium toxicity is ______ but can interfere with ________ of other minerals if intake of these ________ is low
rare
absorption
minerals
Calcium toxicity may contribute to kidney _____ in some people
stones
Vitamin D is also considered a ________
hormone
Vitamin D regulates ______ ______, necessary for _______ _______ and normal ___________ of bone. Also for _____ differentiation and may play a role in ________ cancer risk.
blood calcium
calcium absorption
calcification
cell
decreasing
Good sources of Vitamin D are ______ fish and ____ oils, ______ _______ and some ______ _______ and ________
fatty
fish
fortified milk
fortified cereals
sunshine
Vitamin D deficiencies could result in ________ and ________
Rickets
Osteomalcia
Is Rickets to children as Osteomalcia is to adults?
Yes
Symptoms of Rickets are bones not _______ properly, ________ deformities; such as _____ legs and an enlarged _____ and _____ ______
calcifying
skeletal
bowed
head
rib cage
Symptoms of Osteomalcia are ______ _______
bone softening
Who is most at risk for osteomalcia?
Elderly with little sun
Vitamin D toxicities do not occur from too much ____ ______
sun light
High blood calcium can cause ______ _______ is soft tissues; ____, _____, ______
calcium deposits
heart
kidney
liver
Vitamin D may decrease the risk of ______, ______, ______, and other cancers
breast
colon
prostate
Vitamin D may decrease the risk of _______, ________, the risk of ______ and possibly plays a role in decreasing _____ ______
diabetes
depression
MS
heart disease
Vitamin K functions are ______ ______ and maintaining _______ _______
blood clotting
bone health
What Vitamin is involved in the production of proteins that coagulate blood?
Vitamin K
Which vitamin is involved in the production of two bone proteins?
Vitamin K
Spinach, broccoli, leafy green veggies, soy and canola oil are good food sources of Vitamin _____
K
Vitamin K is made by bacteria in the ______ ______
Large intestine
______ ________ is a rare _______ deficiency except for people who have fat-_________ disease or long-term _________ use.
Excessive bleeding
Vitamin K
malabsorption
antibiotic
Vitamin K deficiency may increase risk of bone _______
fracture
Phosphorus is part of ______ - about ___% of phosphorus in the body
Bone
Phosphorus helps maintain ______ balance, it is part of ____, _____, and _____ and cell ________
fluid
ATP
DNA
RNA
membranes
Phosphorus food sources are __________ in foods
widespread
Milk, meat, eggs, and processed foods are examples of good food sources for __________
phosphorus
Is phosphorus deficiency common?
No
Muscle spasms, convulsions, and possibly impact calcium absorption are deficiency symptoms are ________
Phosphorus
Magnesium is responsible for _______ formation, co factor for > ______ enzymes, ________ sensitivity, and ________ synthesis
bone
300
insulin
protein
Whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes, spinach, broccoli, leafy green veggies, and chocolate are good food sources of __________
Magnesium
Muscle cramps, spasms, seizures, confusion, long-term bone loss and can occur with kidney disease, alcohol abuse, and prolonged diarrhea are deficiency symptoms of __________
Magnesium
Magnesium toxicity can only occur with _________ _________
supplement use
Magnesium toxicity symptoms are _________, acid/base ________ and _________ arrest
dehydration
imbalance
cardiac
Magnesium toxicity can occur in people with _______ dysfunction who heavily use magnesium
kidney
Worldwide ___ in ___ women and ____ and ____ men over the age of _____ have osteoporosis
1 3
1 5
50
_____ million in the US have osteoporosis
10
7 Risk factors of getting osteoporosis
Being female
Aging
Diet
Alcoholism/ smoking
Physical inactivity/ eating disorders
Treatment for Osteoporosis consists of _____/_____, ________, plus medication or HRT
calcium/vitamin D
Exercise
What is the systolic and Diastolic range for per-hypertension?
Systolic 120 - 139
Diastolic 80 - 89
What is the systolic and Diastolic range for hypertension?
Systolic > 140
Diastolic > 90
______ % of adults in the US, ______ adults are over 65, __________ are at higher risk, and at times _________ can increase the risk.
25
50
blacks
genetics
Hypertension increases risk of ________ disease, ________, and ________ disease
Heart
Stroke
Kidney
5 ways in Preventing/treating hypertension
Healthy Weight
Physical activity
Not smoking/limiting alcohol
Decrease sodium
Increase potassium and calcium
What two nutrients could can prevent hypertension?
potassium and calcium
What is the DASH diet?
2 - 2 1/2 cups of fruits/day
2 - 2 1/2 cups of veggies/day
2 - 3 cups of low-fat dairy/day
4 - 6 oz. of meat/day
7 - 8 oz. grains/day
4 - 5 servings of nuts/week
limit sodium
Part of Hemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells)
Iron
Part of myoglobin (oxygen carrying protein in muscles)
Iron
Iron is important is _________ metabolism, _________ development, and _________ function
energy
cognitive
immune
Meats, oysters, enriched grains, and some leafy veggies and potatoes are good sources of ________
Iron
Average absorption of iron is ____ - _____ %
14
18
iron absorption increases with need and iron is absorbed best by _______, _______, and _______. This is due to _______ iron
beef
poultry
fish
heme
___________ iron is not well absorbed
non - heme iron
Vitamin ____ increases absorption of non-heme iron along with high supplements of other ________
C
minerals
_____ is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide
Iron
Who is more at risk of iron deficiency?
Women and Children
_______ is a result of iron deficiency
Anemia
Symptoms of iron deficiency are _____, _______ work performance, ____ skin, depressed ________, and impaired _______ function
fatigue
impaired
pale
immunity
cognitive
The most common of poisoning death in children under 3/y old by iron is ____________
overdose
Hemochromatosis is a __________ disorder that cause excessive __________ of ________. Long-term results in ______ _______, Liver _______, ________ attack, __________, and arthritis
hereditary
absorption iron
liver arrchosis
cancer
heart
diabetes
Zinc is a co-factor is __/__ enzymes
7 100
Zinc is a _______ structure and is involved in _______ and _________
protein
growth development
Seafood, meats, legumes, nuts, whole grains are good sources of _______
zinc
______ supplements and excess ______ can decrease absorption of zinc
iron
phytates
______ help absorption of zinc
Protein
Deficiency of zinc is rare right?
Yes
Zinc deficiency can course growth ________ in children, increased ________, _____ and _____ lesions.
retardation
infections
eye skin
Sever zinc deficiency can cause extreme _________ retardation, delayed _________ maturation, and _________
growth
sexual
anemia
Zinc toxicity symptoms are ________ cramps, _______, _______, depressed ___________ function and lowered ______
Intestinal
vomiting
diarrhea
immune
HDLs
Copper plays a role in _____ transport and is an _________ mineral
iron
essential
Folate is involved in _____ _____ cell synthesis, DNA sythesis, and is critical during __________.
red blood
pregnancy
Folate decreases the risk of ________ disease by metabolizing ___________
heart
homocystine
Good ________ sources are Leafy greens, enriched grains, fortified cereals, and legumes
folate
_______ is better absorbed as a supplement or in fortified foods
folate
Folate deficiency result in _________ anemia and __________ tube defects such as ________ _________.
Macrocytic
neural
spina bifida
______ % of neural tube defects could be prevented during pregnancy with adequate
70
folate
Folate toxicity occurs with excessive _________
supplements
Vitamin B12 is involved is the formation of ______ ______ ______ and in the _______ system function.
red blood cells
nervous
______ is needed for B12 absorption
Acid
who is more at risk for B12 deficiency?
Older adults
Vegans
Anemia, neurological damage and pernicious anemia are symptoms caused by ______ deficiency
B12
A substance that disassociates in solution into positively and negativity charged ion and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current
electrolyte
A condition i which blood sodium levels are generously low
Hyponatremia