Poor diet and sedentary life can lead to which chronic diseases?
Diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular, hypertension, obesity.
2 Most common causes of death in the US?
Heart diseases and cancer
6 classes of nutrients
carbs
fat
protein
vitamins
water
minerals
Macronutrients
Carbs
proteins
lipids
water
Micronutrients
vitamins
minerals
Organic nutrients
carbs
fats
protein
vitamins
Inorganic
water
minerals
What do nutrients do in our body?
-Provide energy
-Promote growth and development
-Regulate body processes
Most of our body weight comes from which 3 nutrients?
-Water
-Lipids
-Proteins
Carbs are made out of what 3 elements?
- Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbohydrates main function in the body?
Provide energy
Basic units of CHO'S
-glucose
-fructose all simple carbs
-galactose
How much energy do carbs yield?
4kcal/g
Lipids are made of what 3 elements?
-Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Basic units of lipids
Triglyceride
-Saturated
-Unsaturated
How much energy does lipids yield?
9 kcal/g
Proteins are made of what 4 elements?
-Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and NITROGEN
How much energy does proteins yield?
4 kcal/g
Main functions of proteins
-component of bone, muscle, enzymes, immune function, blood and cell membrane.
Vitamins are composed of what elements?
- Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur.
Vitamins do what in the body?
Enable chemical reactions
Are vitamins needed in large amounts?
No, they are a micronutrient.
Water soluble vitamins
C & B
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, & K
What are the differences between water and fat soluble vitamins?
Water
-complex
-easily exerted
-easily destroyed by cooking
Fat
-easily stored in the body
-greater risk for toxicity
Are minerals needed in large amounts?
No, they are a micronutrient.
Water is made of what 2 elements?
-Hydrogen and Oxygen
What are the functions of water in the body?
-Lubricant, solvent, transportation medium, and regulate body temperature.
What are phytochemicals and functional foods?
-Physiologically active compounds that provide benefits but are not essential nutrients.
How much energy does alcohol yield?
7 kcal/g
Metabolism
chemical process in the body that provides energy in useful forms and sustain vital activities.
Homeostasis
series of adjustments that prevent change in the internal environment in the body.
Undernutrition
-Subclinical deficiency (no observable signs)
-Clinical deficiency (observable signs)
Overnutrition
-Toxicities
-Obesity- excesses of energy intake
Different factors that are considered when doing a nutrition assessment (A,B,C,D,E)
Antrhropometrics- measuring various parts of body
Biochemical-concentration of nut. in blood, urine, poo
Clinical- health-care providers search for dies.(
Dietary- how often a type of food is eaten
Environmental- background info education and eco.
Signs of fad diets/products
-scientifically sound
-dubious nut. claims
-scientific credentials of author
-examine the study
-beware of the 'hype'
DRI
Daily Reference Intake
EAR
Estimated Average Requirement (50% of age/gender)
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
- (RDA= EAR x 1.2)
AI
Adequate Intake
-No EAR, set AI, higher than RDA
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
-max intake without health affects.
Daily Values DV
-Set for over 4 years old
-baded on:
-RDI- Ref. Daily Intake
-DRV- Daily Ref. Value
What are AMDR'S?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
AMDR for energy providing macronutrients
Fat 20-35
Carbs 45-65
Protein 10-35
What is EER
Estimated Energy Requirement- est. for energy needs (calories) based on average needs for each group, depended on energy expenditure.
Energy density
measure of the energy a food provides relative to the amount of food (kcals/gm)
4 layers of the GI tract
-Mucosa
-Submucosa
-Muscle
-Serosa
Mucosa
innermost layer-hollow area in lumen
Submucosa
contains blood vessels carrying nutrients
Muscle
move food forward
Serosa
outside layer-protects the tract
What are the different muscle movements in the GI tract?
-Peristalsis
-Segmentation
-Mass movements
Peristalsis
contractions
Segmentation
back and forth movement
Mass movements
peristalsis over widespread area
Where are nutrients absorbed?
Small intestine
Passive
high to low
facilitated
high to low (carrier protein)
Active
low to high (energy)
Endocytosis
engulfment
What prevents us from choking?
epiglottis- covers the larynx
What protects our stomach from HCL?
Mucus protects the stomach from being digested.
What do chief cells do in the stomach?
Gastric lipase
pepsinogen- protein digesting enzyme
What do parietal cells do in the stomach?
-Hydrochloric acid
inactivates proteins, destroys bacteria and viruses, aids in mineral absorption, converts pepisingen into pepsin
-Intrisinc factor
Chyme
a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
What protects our intestines from acidic chyme? What happens to neutralize it?
Pyloric Sphincter- between the stomach and the duodenum. Controls the flow of chyme into the small intestine.
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide- hormone that helps slow the release of chyme into the small intestine giving it time to neutralize.
villi
The small intestine contains __________ which increase surface area to help with the absorption of nutrients.
microvilli
Tiny hair-like projections of the cytoplasmic membrane located only in the small intestine to facilitate absorption by increasing surface area.
What secretes mucus?
goblet cells
What secretes hormones?
Endocrine cells
Enzymes
Molecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.
What are the 3 accessory organs?
-Liver
-Gallbladder
-Pancreas
Liver
organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of the blood
Gallbladder
a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion
Pancreas
gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where it mixes with bile to digest food
Where is bile made, stored, and released to?
Made- liver
Stored- gallbladder
Released- small intestine CCK
Name the 4 hormones that are secreted during digestion.
-Gastrin
-Cholecysokinin (CKK)
-Secretin
-GIP Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Gastrin
A hormone released by teh G cells of the stomach in the presence of food. Gastrin promotes muscular activity of the stomach as well as secretion of hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, and mucus.
CKK
Released from the small intestine duodenum in response to presence of chyme. Causing release of pancreatic enzymes and the release of bile from the gull bladder into small intestine to emulsify fat.
Secretin
hormone released by small intestine when acidic food from stomach enters, stimulates secretion of alkaline bicarbonate solution from pancreas which neutralizes the acidity of chyme
GIP Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
released by the small intestine as digestion progresses which signals the stomach to limit release of gastric juices and slows gastric motility.
Which nutrients are absorbed in the blood stream?
Water soluble nutrients
-proteins
-carbs
-lipids
-B & C vit
Which nutrients are absorbed in the lymph system?
Fat soluble nutrients
-Fats
-A, D, E, & K vit
-large particles
large intestine
-colon
-rectum
-anus
Large intestine
the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body
Simple carbohydrate
monosaccharide
simple carbohydrate
disaccharide
complex carbohydrate
polysaccharide
complex carbohydrate
glycogen
complex carbohydrate
fiber
Do we get carbs from plants or animals
plants
Glucose
Monosaccharide that is most common in body. Blood sugar
Fructose
Monosaccharide that is found in honey, fruit, and high fructose corn syrup
Hexose 6-carbon
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
2 monosaccharides linked together by a condensation reaction
glycosidic bond
The bond between two sugar molecules
Maltose
2 glucose molecules
-alpha bond
Lactose
Galactose and Glucose
-beta bond
Sucrose
Glucose and Fructose
-alpha bond
Condensation reaction
forms disaccharides
complex carbs: 3-10 sugar units
oligosaccharides
Food sources of complex carbs
beans and legumes
Flatulence
a indigestible byproduct produced by the formation of oligosaccharides
Glycogen
storage from of glucose in the body
Liver glycogen
blood sugar
Muscle glycogen
muscle use
Soluble fiber
dissolve easily in water
pectin (inner cells), gum, mucilage, and some hemicellulose
soluble fiber
Insoluble fiber
does not dissolve in water
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
insoluble fiber
lignin
outter brain layers of whole grain
dietary fiber
occurs naturally in nature
functional fiber
added to food for health benefits
ADI
acceptable daily intake
sweeteners have
ADI'S
130 grams
RDA for carbs
45-65%
AMDR for carbs of total energy needs
indigestible fiber
promotes bowel health
indigestible fiber
reduces obesity risks
indigestible fiber
enhancing blood glucose control(water soluble fibers)
indigestible fiber
reducing cholesterol absorption
4 kcal/g
is what carbs yield in energy
protein sparing
function of carbs in the body
protein sparing
does not utilize gluconeggenesis
prevent ketosis
function of carbs in the body
diverticulitis
inflammation of a diverticulum in the digestive tract (especially the colon)
carb digestion mouth
salivary amylase begins digestion of carbs
carb digestion small intestine
specific enzyme breakdown disaccharides
Glucose and galactose absorption
active
fructose absorption
facilitated
converts fructose and galactose to glucose
liver
blood glucose
used by cells
glycogen
storage unit for muscles and liver
Insulin
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen o
Glucagon
The antagonist of insulin. Its release is stimulated by low blood glucose levels. It stimulates the liver, its primary target organ, to break down its glycogen stores to glucose and subsequently to release glucose to the blood.