trace minerals
essential mineral nutrients
found in human body in amounts less than 5 gms
sometimes called micro minerals
Iron
one of the most important/abundant trace minerals
cofactor
mineral that works with an enzyme to facilitate a chemical reaction
what is the most common nutrient deficiency worldwide
iron
what two body proteins is iron most contained in
hemoglobin in RBC
myoglobin in muscle cells
heme
the iron-holding part of hemoglobin and myoglobin proteins
heme iron
found only in animal foods (meat, poultry, fish)
-10% total iron consumed but 25-35% is absorbed
non-heme iron
found in both plant/animal foods
-90% of total iron consumed but only 10% is absorbed
iron absorption from food
people absorb more iron from foods and supplements when body stores of iron are low than when stores of iron are high
what is nonheme iron absorption enhanced by
MFP (meat, fish, poultry) factor
vitamin c
acids (in food and HCl in stomach)
sugars
nonheme iron absorption inhibited by
phytates
fiber
oxalates
calcium
tannic acid (tea, coffee)
what are the two forms of iron
ferrous iron Fe++ (reduced state)
ferric iron Fe+++ (oxidized state)
iron deficiency anemia symptoms
blue sclera of eyes, small blue color of RBC, decrease immunity, decrease work production, weakness fatigue, decrease cognitive function, concave nails, decrease ability to regulate body temp, crave to eat clay and ice
iron toxicity symptoms
lethargy, joint pain, organ damage, enlarged liver, death
what is the most common genetic disorder in the US
hemochromatosis: hereditary iron metabolism defect leading to iron deposits in tissues leading to tissue damage
hemosiderosis
long term dietary/supplementary iron overload leads to deposits of iron storage protein hemosiderin in liver and other tissues
what is the chief factor of zinc
required as a cofactor for over 100 enzymes
associated with insulin
involved in making genetic material and proteins
immune reactions
transport vitamin A
taste perception
wound healing
making of sperm
normal fetal development
what foods are high in zinc
protein containing foods
whole grains
vegetables
what are the deficiency symptoms for a zinc deficiency
decrease in taste acuity
decrease in wound healing
growth retardation
delayed onset of puberty
impaired DNA/protein synthesis
anorexia
what are toxicity zinc symptoms
anemia
raised LDL
lowered HDL
GI upsets
renal failure
heart muscle degeneration
acrodermatitis enteropathica
rare inherited zinc malabsorption disease leads to additional more severe deficiency symptoms
what age group is often zinc deficient and why
elderly
decrease consumption of protein, whole grains and veggies (expensive food) which leads to decrease in taste and would healing which then leads to more of a zinc deficiency with loss of taste
what is zinc's route through the body
circulation of zinc from the intestines through the vascular system to the pancreas and back to the intestines
dwarfism
zinc deficient type that stunts growth arrests sexual maturation (males to not develop the capacity to reproduce) impair cognitive development and inhibits the absorption of other nutrients
what is the chief function of iodine
component of thyroid hormones with regulate growth, development, and BMR
what foods are high in iodine
iodized salt, seafood
what are deficiency symptoms with iodine
simple goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland)
cretinism (mental and physical retardation) caused by iodine deficiency during pregnancy
toxicity with iodine
enlarged thyroid gland and goiter
chief function of selenium
antioxidant, helps regulate thyroid hormone, decreases risk of some cancers
foods with high selenium
seafood, meat, whole grains
deficiency symptoms selenium
predisposition to type of heart disease characterized by cardiac muscle becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
toxicity of selenium symptoms
GI disorders
loss of hair and nails
skin lesions
nervous system disorders
what is the chief function of copper
metalloenzyme (a part of several enzymes)
necessary for iron absorption and use of iron in hemoglobin formation
critical for iron to be able to change from the ++ to the +++ and back again
what foods are high in copper
seafood
nuts
whole grains
seeds
legumes
deficiency symptoms of copper
anemia
bone abnormalities
toxicity symptoms for copper
vomiting
liver damage
what are two genetic disorders affect copper status
menkes disease
wilson's disease
menkes disease
intestinal cells absorb copper, but cannot release copper into circulation leads to life threatening copper deficiency
wilson's disease
copper accumulates in liver and brain leads to life threatening toxicity
controlled by reducing copper intake using chelating agents (penicillimine) and taking zinc supplements to interfere with copper absorption
manganese chief function
metalloenzyme (cofactor for several enzymes)
what foods are high in manganese
nuts
whole grains
leafy vegetables
deficiency symptoms manganese
only found in experimental animals: poor growth, nervous system disorders, reproductive abnormalities
toxicity in manganese
nervous system disorders
what are some cases when large quantities of manganese are inhaled
miners over long periods of time show symptoms of a brain disease, along with abnormalities in appearance in behavior
chief function of fluoride
involved in bone and tooth formation, helps make teeth decay resistant by forming decay resistant by forming crystalline deposits in bone and teeth
fluorapatite
a stabilized form of fluoride in bones and teeth
where is fluoride found
fluoride containing or fluoridated drinking water, tea, seafood
deficiency symptoms fluoride
susceptibility to tooth decay
toxicity in fluoride
fluorosis- discoloration and pitting of tooth enamel caused by excessive fluoride during tooth development
nausea
chest pain
itching
vomiting
chief function of chromium
associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose
foods high in chromium
meat
unrefined foods
fats
vegetable oils
deficiency symptoms in chromium
diabetes like condition marked by an inability to use glucose normally
-may be diagnosed with diabetes
toxicity
none reported
glucose tolerance factors (GTF)
some organic compounds that enhance insulin's action are called GTF and some contain chromium
chief function of molybdenum
cofactor for several enzymes
found in legumes, cereals, organ meats
no deficiency or toxicity symptoms found
nickel
cofactor for several enzymes
silicon
bone and collagen formation
vanadium
necessary for growth, bone development, normal reproduction
cobalt
key mineral in vit b12
boron
may play a role in brain activities
contaminant minerals
heavy metals like mercury and lead
lead poisoning
hemoglobin cannot transport oxygen when Pb competes with Fe
brain cannot properly function with Pb competes with Ca
symptoms of lead poisoning in children
learning disabilities, low IQ, behavior problems, slow growth, iron deficiency anemia, sleep disturbances, nervous system disorders, seizures, poor coordination, impaired hearing
symptoms of lead poisoning in adults
hypertension
reproductive complications
kidney failure