kilocalorie
Amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C
indirect calorimetry
Device measures consumption of O2 and expiration of CO2
bmi
a measure of weight for height
healthy
18.5-24.9
underweight
less than 18.5
overweight
25-29.9
obese
greater than 30
basal metabolic rate
Energy for metabolism under basal conditions. Affected by LBM (age, gender, BW, resistance exercise), fever, hyperthyroidism, starvation
total energy
basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, and physical activity
basal metabolic rate
60-75%
thermic effect of food
10%
physical activity
percentage varies
iron
What has the ability to bind oxygen in the lungs and give up oxygen into the blood?
glucose or urea
excess protein intake is converted into what to be stored?
relationship between b vitamins and energy
B vitamins are co-enzymes in the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain
b vitamins
what converts carbohydrates into calories?
acting as coenzymes
How do b vitamins facilitate reactions in the TCA cycle
risk of cardiovascular disease
the distribution of accumulated fat in your abdomen and organs
coenzymes
A vitamin or a mineral that is necessary to breakdown carbohydrates and proteins in the body
coenzymes
they attach to other enzymes, to help them catalyze reactions
the order of oxidation of glucose to atp
Oxygen + glucose-- Glycolysis (anaerobic) TCA, electron transport chain (aerobic), results in water+ carbon dioxide+ energy
lactic acid
if you don't deliver enough oxygen, you accumulate...ex: if you never do squats, you will be sore the next day
atp
relation to energy...it is energy
mitochondrion
an organelle inside of each cell that produces the energy
mitochondrions role in atp production
When you first start an activity, the first 10 sec. you are using ATP, after that we get a creatine phosphate which is what powers our muscles and then short term energy, then long term energy
identified genes
how does genetics relate to obesity
leptin
Hormone produced by adipose tissue & acts on hypothalamus. � Amount produced proportional to size of adipocytes � Reduces appetite, increases fat expenditure
physical activity, behavior and diet
the factors that can be controlled in weight loss
glycogen
what is depleted when someone fasts
fasting
protein converted into glucose and energy, and fat stores are now used when the body is adapting to what
carbohydrates
how does the body satisfy need for glucose
protein and fat stored in the body
how the body satisfies the need for glucose when there is no food being consumed
carbohydrates and proteins
4 kcal/gram
fats
9 kcal/gram
alcohol
7 kcal/gram
kilojoule
unit of work
kilocalorie
unit of heat
visceral fat
the fat found around internal organs
satiety
the feeling of fullness
leptin
hormone produced by fat cells
fasting
when someone doesn't eat for a period of hours a day
starvation
when food intake is severely reduced over a long period of time
direct calorimetry
determining energy expenditure by measuring heat production
indirect calorimetry
determining energy expenditure by measuring CO2 expelled and O2 consumed
energy contained in chemical bonds
the heat released by burning food is equivalent to this
chemical energy
this form of energy is captured in ATP
catabolic
energy releasing reactions in which substances are broken down
basal metabolic rate
the minimum amount of energy that the body needs to maintain itself
lean body mass
the part of the body that is not made of fat or bone
thermic effect of food
the energy required for the digestion and processing of food
physical activity
the metabolic cost of external work (exercise and functions of daily life)
resting metabolic rate
what is usually measured instead of BMR due to the inconvenience of measure BMR
protein
the body cannot store this macronutrient in this form
glycogen
the body stores glucose in this form so that it can regenerate it later
fat
the body stores this in adipose tissue
anabolic
an energy requiring reaction that combines simple molecules into more complex molecules
ketone
this compound is a normal part of the catabolism of fat
energy in is more than energy expenditure
positive energy balance, the extra energy goes into fat stores
energy in is less than energy expenditure
negative energy balance, energy is taken out of fat stores
energy in equals energy expenditure
energy balance, since energy consumed equals energy expended, fat stores stay the same
an increase in lean body mass
will cause an on-going increase in BMR
a single bout of exercise
will cause a one-time increase in physical activity