protein
____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. amino acids join together to form this nutrient
pregnancy and infancy
the RDA for protein is higher than 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight during
FALSE
T/F animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids
Kwashiorkor
what is the name of the disease known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes"?
negative
a ____ protein balance occurs when a person consumes less protein than is needed
limiting amino acid
the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the
the polypeptide chain will be incorrect, ribosomes won't read the correct message, and incorrect mRNA will be produced
what will happen if the DNA code contains errors?
eleven
there are a total of ____ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function
FALSE
T/F per kilogram of body weight, the RDA for protein is highest during adulthood
it destroys the protein's ability to function normally and the protein loses its biological activity
how does changing a protein's shape affect the protein
TRUE
T/F vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron
20
how many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)
peptide
a ____ bond is a chemical bond formed between amino acids in a protein
FALSE
T/F peptide bonds cannot be broken
pump ions into and out of cells and serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
how do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood
proteins
almost all enzymes are
legumes
garden peas, soy beans, and kidney beans are all examples of ____; a plant family with pods containing a row of seeds
animal protein can be high in cholesterol and of the saturated fat found in animal protein
a diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because
stomach
where does the digestion of protein begin
negative protein balance
which of the following occurs when a person consumes less protein than what is needed
during growth, recovering from an illness, and recovering from an injury
in which situations would the body need a positive protein balance
vegan
a ____ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes
legume
a ____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. (peanuts, garden peas, and lentils)
more
north americans consume ____ protein from animal sources in comparison to people from other countries
false (about 70% of protein we eat comes from animal sources
T/F 45% of the protein consumed by north americans comes from animal sources
fats and carbohydrates
which of the following are typically used by cells to meet energy needs
TRUE
T/F a protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients
FALSE
T/F fats and carbohydrates are rarely used to meet energy needs
low-quality
____ proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential amino acids
proteins regulate and maintain essential body function, play a role in enzyme and hormone production, and aid in blood clotting
proteins serve which of the following functions
plant
____ proteins are heart healthy alternative to animal proteins because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat
denaturation
what is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein called
animal
vitamin B-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in ____ foods
growth retardation and nutrient deficiency
what are some health risks of plant-based diets for infants and children
nonessential
a ____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
dispensable amino acids
nonessential amino acids are also called
protein
what macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness
protein serves multiple functions in the body and is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and cell repair
which of the following is true about the functions of protein
TRUE
T/F amino acids are unique because they contain nitrogen bonded to carbon
FALSE
T/F nuts are not considered to ever be a healthy food choice
essential and indispensable
a(n) ____ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet
plant, lower-quality, and incomplete
most ____ proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. these proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids
protein turnover
____ ____ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time
amino acids
most of the ____ ____ released throughout the body can be recycled to become part of the pool available for the synthesis of future proteins
sickle cell anemia
north americans of african descent are more prone to what genetic disease
ribosomes
during protein synthesis, which organelle does mRNA travel to after leaving the nucleus
complementary protein
what is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
which of the following supply the body with usable energy
TRUE
T/F final digestion of amino acid chains take place in the small intestine
complete
a ____ protein (e.g., animal proteins) contains ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids
70 kg
if Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh
four
proteins supply the body with about ____ kilocalories per gram
negative protein balance
which of the following might happen to someone with an illness
positive protein balance
which of the following occurs when a person consumes more protein daily than he or she loses
dispensable amino acids
nonessential amino acids are also called
TRUE
T/F every cell contains protein
nuts, avocado, and dried fruit
to help meet their high calories needs, a vegetarian or vegan child can consume which of the following nutrient-dense foods
FALSE
T/F amino acids are formed exclusively of carbon and hydrogen
lack of tyrosine production and enzyme inefficiency
PKU is caused by
TRUE
T/F people choose to eat a vegetarian diet due to ethics, religion, health, and economics
FALSE
T/F the "new american plate" contains fewer plant-based foods compared to the typical american plate
TRUE
T/F vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron
antioxidant
many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through ____ mechanisms
side group, amino group, and acid group
which of the following describe the components of an amino acid
FALSE
T/F there is little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements
TRUE
T/F due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. this wastes muscle tissue and can lead to edema
protein
the liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from ____, which makes it a costly source of calories
liver
when carbohydrates are in short supply, the ____ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues
50
the typical diet provides about ____ percent of protein as essential amino acids, when only 11% is required
pepsin
____ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins