What organ produces insulin and what is its action?
Pancreas, insulins action is to stimulate muscle and other cells to remove glucose from the blood and to store it.
What is the action of glucagon and where is it produced?
Produced at the pancreas, action is to activate the liver which responds by releasing glucose previously stored.
inflammation may decrease by some phytochemicals and omega-3 fatty acids (or lipids) and increase by _______.
Being by overweight
What is the "fifth" taste
Taste of monosodium glutamate or savory or Unami.
What is peristalsis?
Wave like muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes their contents along.
Mouth
Chews and mixes food with saliva, STARCH DIGESTION BEGINS
Esophagus
Passes food to stomach
Stomach
Adds acid, enzymes and fluid. churns, mixes, and grinds food to a liquid mass. PROTEIN DIGESTION BEGINS
Small Intestine
Secretes enzymes that digest CHO, lipids, and protein. Cells lining intestine absorb nutrients into blood and lymph. FAT DIGESTION BEGINS
Large Intestine
Reabsorbs water and miners. Passes waste and some water to rectum.
Rectum
Stores waste prior to elimination.
Anus
Holds rectum closed. Opens to allow elimination
Pancreas
Manufactures enzymes to digest all energy-yielding nutrients. Releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid that enters the small intestine.
Pancreatic duct
Conducts pancreatic juice into small intestine.
Bile duct
Conducts bile to small intestine.
Gallbladder
Stores bile until needed.
Liver
Manufactures bile, a detergent-like substance that facilitates digestion of fats.
Salivary glands
Contribute a starch-digestion enzyme and a trace of fat-digesting enzyme.
Where is the pyloric valve and what is its function?
Circular muscle of the lower stomach that regulates the flow of partly digested food into the small intestine.
What two main substances are absorbed from the colon?
Water and minerals.
Where does starch digestion begin?
Mouth
Where does protein digestion begin?
Stomach
What pH is neutral? Is the pH of the stomach higher or lower than this?
7, pH of the stomach is lower.
How do pancreatic juice and gastric juice compare in pH?
Pancreatic juice is basic while gastric juice is acidic.
What is "the" organ of digestion and absorption?
Small Intestine
Which substance is the last to leave the stomach?
Fat
How is the small intestine especially adapted to maximize the surface area for the absorption of food?
It has rugae and cilia which makes the surface area bigger
After the blood leaves the digestive tract, to what major organ does it go?
Liver
What causes "heartburn"?
Burning sensation in chest caused by back flow of stomach acid into the esophagus.
What is GERD?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease, severe destructive form of chronic heartburn.
Name 3 steps to decrease constipation
Drink more liquids, increase fiber intake, exercise
Which organ and which cells manufacture glycogen?
Liver, muscle cells
Contrast the amount of glycogen stored with that of fat.
Fat is easier to store because it is concentrated energy and glycogen takes up more space
Why is Potassium so important for the heart?
Potassium is necessary for heart contractions
What are minerals?
Atoms that are not easily destroyed
What categories of foods fulfill the requirements for the DASH diet
fruits and veggies, nuts and seeds, low fat dairy products, lean meat and legumes, and whole grains
What are the functions of Iron?
A part of enzymes (important for energy release), component of hemoglobin
What is the role of water?
to transport blood and urine, regulate body temp., lubrication of synovial fluid and tears, protection, and structure
How much does 1 cup of water weight?
1/2 pounds
What are sources of water
foods we eat and indirectly through the bodys metabolism
What happens when foods are bruned for energy?
water is given off
Name 5 major diseases associated with obesity
Hypertension, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and some cancers
Is it a greater health risk to have extra fat around the waist or hips?
waist
What are adipokines and what is their action?
Protein hormones made and released by adipose tissue that regulate inflammatory processes and energy metabolism in the tissues
Name two lifestyle factors that may increase central adiposity
Decrease alcohol intake and increase physical activity
What is the BMI scale?
>18.5=underwight, 18.5-24.9=Normal, 25.0-29.9=Overweight, 30.0-34.9=Obese
How many calories are in one pound of fat?
3500 kcals
what is the recommended amount of calcium per day?
1000mg
How do you convert pounds to kilograms?
divide pounds by 2.2
What is the largest compnent of the average person's daily energy expenditure?
Basal metabolism
What body activities are excluded from basal metabolism?
digestion and voluntary activities
What is meant by the thermic effect on food? does it have a large effect on caloric usage?
the bodies speeded-up metabolism in response to having eaten a meal; no
What factors raise BMR? lower?
Thyroxine, enviromental temperature, stress, fever, body comp., growth, height, and age (younger) raise BMR. Malnutrition, fasting/starvation, and age (older) lower BMR
What two body measurements are used to determine BMI? What are the two drawbacks of using BMI?
Height and Weight. they fail to indicate how much of a person's weight is fat and where the fat is located
Why may BMI be inaccurate in evaluating athletes?
Because athletes have a high developed musculature which leads to a false increase in BMI value
What body measurement can be used to aid in the identification of central adiposity?
...
What is the maximum suggested waist measurement for men? women?
35 for female, 40 for male
Distinguish between appetite and hunger
hunger is the physiological need to eat, a drive to obtain food. Appetite is the psychological desire to eat
What is ghrelin and how does it influence food intake?
It is a hormone release by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus to simulate eating
How is appetite influenced by leptin? where is leptin produced?
leptin conveys information about body fatness to the brain leading in reduction of eating. it is produced in the adipose tissue
Why may high levels of lipoprotein lipase predispose an individual to obesity?
because the LPL's can store more fat so more obese people have more fat storage
What is the fat cell number theory?
body fatness is determined by both the number and size of fat cells. fat cells increase in number during growing years, tapering off in adult years
How does brown fat differ from regular body fat?
brown fat is found lease in people with more body fat
Distinguish between sources of energy for the nervous system in the frist day of a fast, continued fasting and prolonged fasting (over 10 days)
first day the livers glycogen is exhausted, nervous system uses glucose as fuel, body protein is converted to glucose and prolonged fasting ketone bodies help feed the nervous system and so help spare tissue protein
What is the importance of ketone bodies in prolonged fasting?
ketones help feed the brain during fasting when too little CHO is available
What substance must be removed from excess protein before it can be stored? in what form is excess protein stored?
Amino acids, fat
What part of the triglyceride (fat) molecule can be used as a source of glucose?
Glycogen
Are alcohol calores converted to fat or sugar for storage?
fat
What calorie range is recommended for most women for weight loss? for men?
1000-1200 for women, 1200-1600 for men
Is the safety and effectiveness of herbal weight loss supplements verified by the FDA before they are sold?
no
Give two examples of behavior modification for weight control
eat breakfast daily, average 1 hour of physical activity per day
systolic pressure
first figure in a blod pressure reading, which reflects arterial pressure caused by the contraction of the hearth's left ventricle
diastolic pressure
second figure in a blood pressure reading, which reflects the arterial pressure when the heart is between beats
What do CHO get broken down into?
monosaccharides
What do proteins get broken into?
Amino Acids
What to fats get broken into?
glycerol, diglycerides,monogrlycerides
What color pigment is carotene?
orange
What is Glycerol?
serves as the backbone for triglycerides
What is brown fat?
type of adipose tissue abundant in hibernating animals and human infants and recently in human adults. enzymes release heat from fuels without accomplishing other work
What is Ghrelin?
hormone released by the stomach that signals the hypothalamus of the brain to stimulate eating
What is Leptin?
appetite-suppressing hormone produced in the fat cells that conveys info. about body fatness to the brain
What is GERD?
gastro esophageal reflex disease
What is hypokalemia?
Potassium deficiency disease
What calorie deficit do you need to lose 1 lb per week?
-500 kcal/day
How many calories are need to maintain weight?
15 kcal/lb
How many calories for an obese person are needed to maintain weight?
10 kcal/lb
What happens in early fasting?
glycogen stores and fat stores - 10% fat (glycerol)
What happens in late fasting?
fat stores - 10% fat (glycerol), ketones accumulate, and lean body tissue (muscles and organs) are burned
What is anemia?
too little blood", the blood cells cannot function properly because they are too little or too big
What is the MFP factor?
factor present in meat, fish, and poultry that enhances the absorption of nonheme iron present in the same foods or in other foods eaten at the same time
What is goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency or excessiveness
What is cretinism?
severe mental and physical retardation of infant caused by the mothers iodine deficiency during pregnancy
What is osteoporosis?
reduction of bone mass of older persons in which the brones become porous and fragile. (adult bone loss)
What are villi?
fingerlike projections of the sheets of cells lining the intestinal tract; make SA greater
What happens with excessive selenium?
blind staggers occurs
What is hemochromatosis?
iron storage disease
What is rickets?
vitamin D deficiency in children, softening and weakening of bones
What happens with a zinc deficiency?
loss of taste, delayed sexual maturity, and slow wound healing
Set point theory
theory that the body maintains its normal weight and body fat level with internal regulatory controls that dictate how much fat one has
What is hyperplasia?
The enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells
What is hypertrophy?
The enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells
What are empty calories?
measurement of the energy present in high-energy foods with poor nutritional profiles
What is osteomalacia?
Softening of the bones, typically through a deficiency of vitamin D or calcium
What is Pylorus?
region of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
What is the BRAT diet?
Banana RIce Apple Sauce and Toast
What is amenoria?
Blood lost from the menstrual cycle
What major nutrient group would be found in the ashes of burnt food?
minerals
What nutrient is indispensable?
water
How are fatty substances transported in our blood?
water soluble protein
What is metabolic water?
water generated in the tissue of the water yielding nutrients in foods
What is hard water?
calcium and magnesium
What is soft water?
high in sodium
What age is bone density no longer increasing?
30
How many cups of milk do you need to meet your DRI
4 cups
Are deficiencies in Phosphorus common?
no
What the difference in location of Sodium and Potassium?
Potassium is in the cell and Sodium is outside of the cell
What is a diuretic? what mineral may be negatively depleted by Diuretics?
water pills, depletes sodium