Which nutrient requires the least amount of energy to digest, transport, and store?
fat
All of the following are major classes of dietary lipide EXCEPT
glycogens
The major form of fat in both food and the body is _______
triglycerides
Two amino acids are joined together by a peptide bond to form a dipeptide. What is the by-product of this process?
water
A protein's _____ structure refers to the twisting, spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical properties of its amino acids
secondary
Carbohydrates contain which elements?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
The ________ intestine does not assist in the digestion of lipids
large
How do proteins differ from carbohydrates and fats?
Proteins contain nitrogen
___________ disease is NOT associated with type 2 diabetes?
autoimmune
Which of the following ingredients would alert you to the likely presence of trans fatty acids in a product?
partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
The process of combining two incomplete proteins to make a complete protein is called
mutual supplementation
Robin's dinner contains 750 kcals. How many kilocalories will Robin expend in order to process this meal?
38-75 kcal
The FIT principle is _______________
the principle that a good physical fitness program should be based on frequency, intensity, and time
Currently, the best known treatment of eating disorders is
a team-management approach
How do proteins differ from carbohydrates and fats?
proteins contain nitrogen
The primary determinant of basal metabolic rate is an individual's _____
lean body mass
A flat belly and abdomen is not associated with
kwashiorkor
The key structural components of a cell's membrane are _______
phospholipids
_________ ________ are substances in plant foods that are not absorbed by the body
dietary fiber
Serena is 5'8" tall and weighs 180 pounds. Serena's BMI indicates that she is
overweight
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for an adult 19 years of age or older?
130 grams
The amount of energy expended by the body in digesting, absorbing, transporting, metabolizing, and storing nutrients is called
the thermic effect of food
Well-planned vegetarian diets cannot reduce the risk of
anemia
A fatty acid that contains a chain of 10 carbons and 1 double bond is termed a fatty acid
monoUNsaturated, medium chain
Why can't insulin be taken orally?
Insulin is a protein and would be broken down by the human digestive tract if taken orally
Essential fatty acids are not found in ____ and _____ products
meat and dairy
The label of ready-to-eat cereal box indicates that 1 cup contains 32 grams of carbohydrate, 4 grams of protein, and 2 grams of fat. How many kcals are there in two cups of this cereal?
324 kcals
By detecting and responding to the body's physiological signals, the ___ is the part of the body in control of hunger regulation
hypothalamus
Sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products?
chewing gums
Carbohydrate loading is helpful for ______ intense physical activity to maintain fitness
moderately
How much trans fat is recommended in the diet?
as little as possible
Which of the following types of fat is required to be listed on the Nutrition Facts Panel by the US Food and Drug Administration
trans fatty acid
The production of endogenous very-low-density-lipoproteins (VLDL) is decreased by_____
exercise
In the body, buffers are very important in
maintaing acid-base balance in the body
Insulin is synthesized and secreted by the
pancreas
energy consumed = _____ ________
energy expended
Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the
stomach
A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosaccharides
Fatty-acid molecules provide much energy for
long-term activity (such as walking)
On average, an individual's BMR decreases approximately 3-5% per decade after they reach ____ years of age
30
When oxygen is scarce, cellular pyruvic acid will be converted to _____
lactic acid
Why does the body reduce nonvital body functions in untreated anorexia nervosa
the body needs to conserve energy
A body weight that exceeds 100% of the normal standard for a given height is called
morbid obesity
_________ is not an effective long-term treatment for obesity
liposuction
__________ is a monosaccharide
galactose
The major fuel source used by the working muscle during long physical activity is
fatty acids
________ does NOT occur in higher levels in obese people
Peptide YY (PYY)
_____ does NOT inhibit the digestion of fat so it does not compete with protein
HCl
_________ _______ has been associated with high intakes of fat replacers
gastrointestinal distress
______ and ___________ are the preferred fuels for most body functions
carbohydrate and fat
The part of an individual amino acid that distinguishes it from other amino acids
side chain
____________is the synthesis of new glucose from amino acids
gluconeogenesis
stomage form of glucose in animals found in the liver and skeletal muscle is
glycogen
one pound of body fat is equal to ______ calories
3,500
______ does not assist the digestion of lipids
large intestine
A limitation in using the BMI is that it
does not take body composition into account
Fat leaves the chylomircron and moves into adipose cells when ______ comes into contact with it, which causes the triglyceride to break up and be taked into the adipose cell
lipoprotein lipase
In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the ______ and ________
muscles and liver
Our bodies store glycogen at the highest rate ____ hours after exercise
24
Why are B vitamins especially important to an athlete?
The B vitamins are directly involved in energy metabolism
Which of the following fatty acids is generally solid at room temp.?
saturated
Research studies have shown that the risk for developing type-2 diabetes and hypertensions begins to increase at a BMI greater than ____
30
After completing an exercise session, adequate hydration in an athlete is best determined by
urine that is light yellow in color
_______ is the most important dietary aspect to modify for weight loss
calories
_________________ is NOT a common life-long problem following surgery for morbid obesity
increased resistance to infection
The insoluble fiber that provides that main structural component of plant cell walls is
cellulose
______ is NOT involved in maintaining blood glucose levels
thyroxin
Body Mass index is best described as
a ration of an individual's body weight to their height squared
Physical activity not related to a person's occupation is defined as
leisure-time physical activity
Why are phopholipids NOT an essential nutrient?
Our bodies manufacture phospholipids
_______ are organic nutrients that are insoluble in water
lipids
Mucilage is a type of fiber used to
thicken jams and yogurts
Which supplement would you recommend a vegan add to his/her diet?
vitamin B12
The primary end product of glycolysis is
pyruvic acid
Medium chain fatty acids are ____ carbon atoms in length
6-12
To achieve moderate intensity physical activity, the CDC recommends a target heart rate between 50 to ____ percent of an individual's maximal heart rate
70
___________________________ does NOT describe a characteristic associated with muscle dysmorphia
purging by the use of laxative and/or vomiting at least two times a day
Olestra is a
fat replacer
Because type 1 diabetes individuals do not produce any insulin, _______________
treatment always involves insulin therapy
The top of the Physical Activity Pyramid emphasizes activities that
we should do less of, such as watching TV
After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells?
insulin
The USDA requires which type of fat to be listed on the Nutrition Facts panel?
trans fatty acid
Apple-shaped fat pattern increases a person's risk for _____ disease
heart