fluid
a substance composed of molecules that move past one another freely. These are characterized by their ability to conform to the shape of whatever container holds them
intracellular fluid
the fluid held at any given time within the walls of the body's cells
extracellular fluid
the fluid outside the body's cells, either in the body's tissues or as the liquid portion of blood, called plasma
tissue fluid and intravascular fluid
The two types of extracellular fluid
tissue fluid
sometimes referred to as interstitial fluid, flows between the cells that make up a particular tissue or organ such as muscle fibers or the liver. Some types of this fluid include cerebrospinal fluid, mucus, and synvonial fluid within joints
intravascular fluid
fluid found within blood and lymphatic vessels. This will contain plasma
plasma
the fluid portion of the blood that transports blood cells through blood vessels. It contains proteins that are too large to leak out blood vessels into the surrounding tissue fluid.
more than 70%
how much fluid do muscles have
between 10 and 20%
how much fluid does fat tissue have
content decreases
what happens to our body water content as we age
electrolyte
a substance that disassociates in solution into positively and negatively charged ions and is thus capable of carrying an electrical current
ions
electrically charged particle
potassium and phosphate
which two ions are predominant in intracellular fluid
sodium and chloride
which two ions are predominant in extracellular fluid
solvent
a substance that is capable of mixing with and breaking apart a variety of compounds. An excellent one is water
blood volume
the amount of fluid in blood
They dissolve and transport substances, account for blood volume, maintain body temperature, and protect and maintain our tissues
What are four critical functions of fluids?
high blood pressure
This is a state characterized by high blood volume
low blood pressure
a state characterized by low blood volume
hypertension
another word for high blood pressure
heart attacks and strokes
Risk factors of hypertension (high blood pressure)
tiredness, confusedness, dizziness
Risk factors of low blood pressure
cerebrospinal fluid
what fluid surrounds the brain and protects the brain and spinal cord from damage
amniotic fluid
the fluid that protects a fetus in a mother's womb
synovial fluid
lubricant for joints
tears
fluid that cleanses and lubricates the eyes
saliva
fluid that moistens the food we eat
mucus
fluid along the GI tract that eases the movement of food
pleural fluid
fluid covering the lungs that allows for the lungs to expand and retract within the chest cavity without friction
evaporative cooling
this occurs when heat is transported from the body core through the blood stream to the surface of the skin, then the water evaporates into the air and carries heat, thus cooling the blood and lowering body temperature after circulating back into the core
Regulating fluid balance, enabling nerves to respond to stimuli, signaling muscles to contract
what 3 body functions do electrolytes support?
permeability
description of allowing substances to flow easily through
osmosis
the movement of water (or any solvent) through a semi permeable membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
thirst mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or by a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
metabolic water
the water formed as a by-product of our body's metabolic reactions
sensible water loss
water loss that is noticed by a person, such as urine output and visible sweating
insensible water loss
the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such as through evaporation from the skin, and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
urine, sweat, evaporation, exhalation, and feces
5 ways we lose fluids
illnesses, blood loss, exercise, environmental conditions, pregnancy, breastfeeding, consumptions of diuretics
causes of significant losses of fluid from the body
fever, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and a runny nose
What do illnesses include that cause significant loss of fluid
internal bleeding, traumatic injury, blood donation, and surgery
what types of blood loss lead to significant loss of fluid
high altitude, cold and hot temperatures, and low humidity
what environmental conditions contribute to loss of fluid
diuretic
a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine. these include alcohol, prescription medications, and many weight-loss pills
45% solid 55% fluid
Percent of solid and liquid body make up for females
40% solid 60% fluid
percent of solid and liquid body make up for males
2/3 intracellular 1/3 extracellular
What fraction is intracellular and what fraction is extracellular
80% tissue fluid 20% plasma
Of the extracellular fluids, what percent is tissue fluid and what percent is plasma
tissue type, age, gender
What three factors determine one's fluid composition
muscular person
who has more fluid, a muscular person or fat person
lose fluid with age
as you get older, what happens to your fluid
males
Who has more fluid, males or females
water, electrolytes
What makes up fluid
K+ and HPO4-
What electrolytes are intracellular
Na+ and Cl-
What electrolytes are extracellular
Transport and dissolve substances, account for blood volume, protect and lubricate tissues, maintain body temperature
What are the four functions of fluids
help enable nerves to respond to stimuli, signal muscles to contract
What are the two functions of electrolytes other than to regulate fluid balance
10 to 14%
How much of our water is metabolic water
1.5 to 2.3 g/day
What is the requirement for Na and the maximum recommended
4.7 g/day
What is the recommended intake for potassium each day
2.3 g/day
What is the recommended intake for chloride each day
higher blood pressure
What is high sodium intake associated with
hypernatremia
This is characterized as having too much sodium, a high blood sodium concentration, high blood volume, congestive heart failure and kidney disease as complications
hyponatremia
This is defined as a lack of sodium in the diet caused by prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating
lower blood pressure
What is potassium associated with
fresh fruits and vegetables
Where is a good food source for potassium
hyperkalemia
This disease is characterized by too much potassium in the body, with an inability to excrete, kidney disease
hypokalemia
this disease is characterized by too little potassium in the body in which you can excrete, but there's also kidney disease
Phosphorus
this mineral is essential to our bone formation, to creating energy since it is part of ATP, it activates and deactivates enzymes, and it's part of DNA and RNA, as well as a component of cell membranes.
increases it
taking in of vitamin D does what to absorption and retention of phosphorus
dehydration
depletion of body fluid that results when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake
80% fluid
how much fluid is in an infant
85% of phosphorus
How much phosphorus is in the bone
heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke
what 3 heat illnesses are closely related to dehydration
heat cramps
involuntary, spasmodic, and painful muscle contractions that are caused by electrolyte imbalances occurring as a result of strenuous physical activity in high environmental heat (heat illness)
heat exhaustion
a serious condition characterized by heavy sweating, pallor, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, and moderately elevated body temperature, that develops from dehydration in high heat
heat stroke
a potentially fatal response to high temperature characterized by failure of the body's heat regulating mechanisms