Given a choice, how do humans adapt to eating over time?
-Humans eat what they can find in their environment
-Humans will eat what their ancestors ate
Maslow's hierarchy (top to bottom)
1.) Self-actualization
2.) Esteem
3.) Social
4.) Safety
5.) Physiological
*only bottom 4 apply to food
Culture as determinant
-Geography
-Society
-Psychology
-Religion
-Economic circumstance
-Politics
What does inertia stand for?
Traditionally I've Eaten
Food rejection by religious demand (St. Gregory example)
If you're a christian you will not eat horse meat
What happened to human brains during evolution?
more/better calories cause out brain size (and quality) to increase
-skull sized increased as diet quality increased
What does homosapien mean?
Wise man
What are the two hypothesis that lead evolution?
meat hypothesis and omnivory hypothesis
The meat hypothesis
humans became more successful because amino acids promote a more successful pregnancy
The omnivory hypothesis
Wide variety of diet stimulated brain growth/development
-envolves everyone in the community (hunting, gathering, preparing) which may have also helped
What 3 things supported evolutionary development?
1.) everyone cooks
2.) Staple foods of most cultures cannot be eaten raw
3.) Cooked foods offer easier digestibility and palatability
What other evolution did food prompt?
decrease in tooth size, gum size, and jaw size
because cooked food is offering better nutritional value
The changing skull also changed what?
Communication and facial expressions
-not just grunts and noises, we begin to make complex sounds (speaking)
T/F: evolution of cooking really encourage the success of our species
true
earthoven
pit in the ground that had hot stones on the bottom creating steam to cook the food
-allowed humans to move to new terrain because they could cook the food anywhere
What are the 3 epoches of early humans?
Paleolithic (old stone)
Mesolithic (middle stone)
Neolithic (new stone)
Which era was the longest and had the least amount of development?
Paleolithic
what were some of the early advances seen in the paleolithic era?
-tool making processing very quickly (bone hoes, grindstones)
-fist to control fire
-first to believe in some kind of religious meaning (afterlife)
grindstone
early food preparation technology from the paleolithic era
-allowed us to cook wheat (bread, tortillas) vs. just raw meat
The truine brain
composed of the lizard brain, mammal brain, and human brain
lizard brain
brain stem, cerebellum - flight or fight
mammal brain
limbic system - emotions, memories, habits, decisions, attachment
human brain
neocortex- language, abstract thought, imagination, consciousness, reasoning
-developed during the paleolithic period
Mesolithic era
from hunting and gathering to societies
what encourage the lifestyle shift during mesolithic
couldn't catch as many big animals (deer are faster than elephants - can't out run them)
-more small plants start being eaten
-causes need for better weapons
Agriculturalists
take advantage of the plants there
horticulturalists
plant the plants they want to grow
Natufians
river valley cultures that settled where the plants were going to come up (seasonal)
-bridge the gap between horticulturalists and agriculturalists
-boiling in the ground with hot rocks and animal stomach
mesolithic flint
Hunting tools such as the bow and arrow
-more time and supplies
Development of pottery (during mesolithic period)
most is utilitarian but some is starting to be decorative
Neolithic Revolution
The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle
Sedentism
Have enough control over food supply so people settled down
What happened when the glaciers retreated?
-Less big game
-People became dependent on veggies
-increased water flow
Neolithic interior
very simple
-has a separate storage are (upstairs) the began to create the idea of personal belongings (my grain)
Emergence of hierarchy in Neolithic revolution results in?
-Rules
-Leaders
-Institutions
-Gender-bias
Why grain domestication?
1. Rich in nutrients and calories
2. Abundant in wild, easy to domesticate
3. Easy to harvest
4. Easy to store
what are the four primary domesticated grains?
1. wheat
2. barley
3. corn
4. rice
what are the four primary grain products?
1. puls
2. noodles/dumplings
3. beer
4. bread
Wheat
-Most widely planted grain crop
-15% of arable land
-Gluten is key ingredient
Barley
-Nearly as old as wheat
-Better for beer
Corn
Teosinte is mother crop that we transformed to the corn we know today through selection (genetic modification)
Rice
-Domesticated 10,000 YA
-South Asia, China, India
-Needs flooding and temperate climate
-Brown rice more nutritious
Legumes
-Peas, lentils
-Long storage life
-Nutrient and mineral dense
Sheep & Goats
First animals domesticated for their meat, fur, milk
Cattle, water buffalo
Originally domesticated as a grass-fed machine (not meat source)
-Central Asia
Horse
Originally domesticated for meat until there utilitarian use became known
-became to valuable to eat
Animal brain size
Bigger breed, smaller brain
Plants that made animals possible
Early root crops: beets, turnips
Live animal advantages
-Regular milk supply
-Eggs from poultry
-Manure from fertilizer
-Pull plows and wagons
-Provide protection (Dogs, llamas)
Dead animal advantages
-Meat
-Hides & feathers
-Bones (tools, needles, arrows)
-Fat (cooking, candles)
-Hooves (glue)
Fertile Crescent
home to early prepared foods
-mesopotamia/egypt
what were the 10 common foods at the end of the neolithic time period?
1. cereal grains
2. fermented foods (vegetable and dairy)
3. dairy food (yogurt and cheeses)
4. fruits
5. vegetables
6. poultry
7. edible/culinary oils
8. spices and herbs
9. fish
10. mammal meats
Why did agriculture win over the H/G life?
-Boxed-in hypothesis
-Live in more places
-Response to environmental pressure
boxed in hypothesis
per acre, agriculture provides a lot more calories than forging or hunting
live more places hypothesis
most of the megafauna was gone so people had to find a new food source
response to environmental pressure
It was the end of the ice age and the plants and animals available shifted, so people had to adapt
Social benefits of agriculture
-Not everyone needs to grow crops
-Surpluses are tradable
-Sedentary lives allow for socialisation and social control
Food in ancient Egypt
-Food preserving technology
-Fermentation
-Preserving food (great pyramids)
Great monuments [pyramids]
-People will work for food
-Time shift food
Roman empire expansion
-Population explosions
-Work smarter not harder
-Wheat was critical factor
roman millers
the first "industrial" producers in food history
Milling (in roman empire)
water would run down big wheels and turn the machine inside the mill crushing the grain
Roman Bakers
-Given the right to bake
-Government favoring
roman bread
was a wheel that had cuts pressed into it so comsumers could buy whole loaf or slices
roman tenements
started to become more advanced
-stacked communities (like apartments)
-kitchen had more pottery/tools and cooking utensils over all
three factors that influenced (specifically) chinese cuisen
1. population pressure
2. wheat/rice/grain issues
3. fuel
Five flavors of chinese cuisine
-Salt
-Sweet
-Umami
-Sour
-Bitter
Soy foods
-Good landscape
-Many different substitutes
-Low fat
Indian cuisine
Religion is super big factor - discovered sugar cane processing
Sacred cow/Ghee (india)
-Dairy products
-Clarified Butter
Arab world foods
-Variety of cooking methods
-Sophisticated
-Irrigation (First to tow in water for food movement)
-Algebra
-origin of dietetics
Humoral medicine
Blood, bile, phlegm, black bile
(related to dietetics [chart])
Europe in the dark ages
-End of Rome
-Food tech not advanced
Winter diet
-Beer, onions, bread, legumes
-Nutrition poor
Ergot
-Fungus that grows on rye
-Contains toxins that make you trip and get disease
-some say this is start of salem witch trials
Cannibalism in Eastern Europe
Happened during the serious famine
-ate humans because we had nothing else to eat, not by choice
Muldboard plow
fundamentally changed the development of food
-biggest technological advance/invention
markets
-stationary
-money (starts the concept of credit)
rejection of the rustic
social distinction and table manners
-acceptance of the fork (no longer using our hands)
Columbian exchange
exchange of goods between american and europe, africa and asia
America to Europe, Africa, Asia
squash, pumpkins, turkey, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, peppers, tobacco, pineapple, cocoa, beans, vanialla
Europe, Africa, Asia to America
Citrus fruits, grapes, bananas, sugar cane, honey bees, onions, olives, turnips, coffee beans, peaches, pears, grains, live stock, disease