Cancer
growth of malignant tissue, second most common cause of death
caused by interaction between genes and environment
most common cancer types
breast, prostate, lung, colorectal
Carcinogenesis
proceeds slowly, continues for several decades, mutation in genes, tumor development
metastasis
Diet and lifestyle ____ influence risk of cancer
do
Obesity increases the risk of which cancers?
colon, liver, esophagus, ovaries, rectum gallbladder endometrium, prostate, pancreas, breast
Obesity alters ______ levels. These influence cell ______
hormone; growth
One in 30 cancer deaths is _______ related
alcohol
Cooking ______ may increase carcinogen production
methods
_____ and _____ may reduce cancer risk. These provide nutrients, phytochemicals, and ______. All of these may prevent or reduce _____ stress
fruits and vegetables; antioxidants;
oxidative
Factors that may increase cancer risk
obesity, red/processed meats, salted foods, beta-carotene supplements, alcohol, low physical activity
Factors that may decrease cancer risk
fruits and nonstarchy vegetables
carotenoid-containing foods, tomato products, vitaminC foods, folate, fiber foods, milk and calcium supplemets, high physical activity
Factors influencing consequences
location, severity, treatment (late treatment can cause it to grown or move to other places)
Anorexia and reduced food intake
chronic nausea and early satiety, fatigue and pain, mental stress and gastrointestinal obstructions, effects of cancer therapies
Cancer cachexia
unintentional weightloss of >5% of body weight.
anorexia, weightloss, wasting, anemia, fatigue
develops in 50% of cancer patients
Metabolic changes
Increased protein turnover, reduced muscle synthesis
inflammatory and catabolic state
patients often develop insulin resistance
Treatments of cancer
surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
surgery to remove tumors
chemo damages tumor and healthy cells
Radiation enteritis
inflammation of intestinal tissue caused by radiation therapy
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
replaces blood-forming stem cells
CAM therapy
complementary and alternative medicine combined with standard treatment
Nutrition therapy for cancer
minimize loss of weight and muscle tissue
correct nutrient deficiencies
provide diet patients can tolerate
Changes in nutritional needs may occur in different stages of illness
Protein requirements are often between ___ and ____ g/kg/day
1-1.6g/kg/day
Sufficient calories to prevent _____ loss. patients unable to eat enough food may benefit from ______ __________
weight; oral supplementation
______ cancer patients often gain weight. Practitioners should encourage _______ ______ to help prevent this
breast;
physical activity
Thorough nutrition _______ can uncover problems relating to food consumption
assessment
Low-microbial diet
a diet that contains foods that are unlikely to be contaminated with bacteria or other microbes
for patients with suppressed immunity, safe food-handling practices