Osmosis
Diffusion of water across a membrane through the lipid bilayer
Hypertonic
Having greater concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell shrinks.
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute inside than the solution outside. Cell Expands.
Isotonic
Having an equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell. Ideal (perfect) conditions. Cell remains normal.
Vacuole
Storage vesicle for water, food, wastes other substances. 1 large vacuole in plants, many small vacuoles in animals.
Nucleus
Controls all cell activities and protein production. Contains the DNA and nucleolus.
Cytoplasm/Cytosol
Cell liquid in which chemical reactions occur. Holds and cushions the organelles.
Mitochondria
Converts glucose into ATP (energy a cell can use) in the process of cellular respiration.
Cell/Plasma/Lipid Membrane
A double-layered lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cell Wall
Rigid external layer of a plant cell (cellulose), bacteria (glycoproteins), or fungi (chitin) that is outside the cell membrane.
Chloroplast
Converts light energy into glucose in the process of photosynthesis. Contains chlorophyll giving plants their green color.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Passageways where compounds are manufactured, processed, and transported.
Golgi Apparatus/Body/Complex
Collects, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids made by the E.R.
Prokaryote
Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular. Contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Has ribosomes.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Equilibrium / Homeostasis
A state of balance in which there is little or no total change.
Lysosome
Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown food and wastes. Involved in apoptosis.
Nucleolus
Synthesizes ribosomes. Found in the nucleus.
Vesicle
Small package of nutrients, proteins, wastes, or water created by the golgi.
Cell
The basic unit of all living things. The smallest unit of life.
Organism
A complete living thing
Ribosome
Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm.
Tissue
A collection of similar cells that perform a specific job.
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Light Microscope
Basic microscope that uses light and mirrors to magnify small objects.
Specialization
Cells that do only one special job.
Cell Division
Cell splitting into two new cells.
Multi-cellular
Made of more than one cell.
Nuclear membrane/envelope
Surrounds the nucleolus and DNA. Controls what enters and leaves the nucleus.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes lipids for use in the cell membrane and other parts of the cell.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Contains most of the cells ribosomes which synthesize proteins.
Synthesize
To make
Organelle
Little organs" that make up the cell working together for the survival and function of the cell.
Unicellular
Made of 1 cell.
Electron Microscope
Uses accelerated electrons to illuminate (light up) very small objects.
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Inventor of the first microscopes. 1600's.
Robert Hooke
Gave cells their name (cells). 1600's.
Matthias Schleiden
Botatnist (studied plants) who said all plants are made of cells.. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schwann. 1800's.
Theodore Schwann.
Physiologist (studied animal cells) who said all animals are made of cells. Worked on cell theory with Dr. Schleiden. 1800's.
Cell Theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms.
3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Cilia
Small hairs on a cells surface that wave back and forth allowing the cell to move.
Flagella
A whip-like structure on a cell that 'whips' back and forth allowing the cell to move (e.g. sperm cell).
Active Transport
Movement of particles from low to high concentration across the membrane that requires energy (ATP).
Passive Transport
Movement of particles from high to low concentration across the membrane (no energy needed).
Facilitated Diffusion
Passive transport through the membrane with the use of protein channels. Some channels are specific while others are not.
Centriole
Helps align chromosomes during cell division (animal cells only).
Microtubules/Microfilaments
Small, thin proteins that help support and give structure to a cell. A cells cytoskeleton.
Cyto-
Prefix meaning cell.
Phospholipid Membrane
Cell membrane composed of phospholipids, proteins (transport), cholesterol, and aquaporins..
Passive
No energy needed to allow material passage.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water.
Hydrophobic
Repelled by water.
Modify
Change / Convert
Plant Cell
1 large vacuole.
Chloroplasts
Cell wall (cellulose)
Animal Cell
Many small vacuoles
Cell membrane only
Centrioles
Lysosomes
Phospholipid
Makes up the cell membrane. Composed of a phosphate 'head' (hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid 'tails' (hydrophobic).
Semi-permeable
Allows some materials (not all) to pass through.
Selective permeability
The ability to decide which particles enter and leave a cell.
External / Exo-
Outside (e.g. exoskeleton of an insect)
Internal / Endo-
Inside (e.g. endoskeleton of humans)
Macro-
Large
Micro-
Small
Cholesterol
Stiff sterol lipid in the cell membrane that provides strength and rigidity.
Concentration
The amount of dissolved solute in a solvent. Usually expressed as a percent.
Solution
Solute + solvent
Solute
Particles dissolved in a liquid (solvent)
Solvent
A liquid particles (solute) are dissolved in
Permeability
How well a substance can pass through something.
Endocytosis
Taking things in from the surrounding environment by creating a vesicle.
Exocytosis
Getting rid of wastes into the surrounding environment by expelling a vesicle.
Osmotic solution
The solution outside a cell.
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
Photosynthesis equation
6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Thylakoid
A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.
light-dependent reactions
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
Stroma
The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water.
granum (grana)
A stack of thylakoids in a chloroplast
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle
cellular respiration
Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6+6O2---> 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
Mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Cristae
Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP.
Matrix
the innermost compartment of the mitochondrion and the site of the Krebs cycle reactions
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- 2 Pyruvates enter the mitochondrion
- releases 2 ATP, 6NADH, and 2 FADH2 for each glucose
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
ADP
(Adenosine Diphosphate) The compound that remains when a phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy
Fermentation
Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
lactic acid fermentation
the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates that produces lactic acid as the main end product
alcohol fermentation
Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD+ and releasing carbon dioxide.