Osmosis
the diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
Water diffuses from high water concentration to low water concentration
Water potential
the physical property based on the solute concentration of a solution and the pressure within a given space that determines the direction of water movement across a differentially permeable membrane
Cohesion
the intermolecular bonding of like molecules (water to water)
Adhesion
the attraction of one type of molecule to a different type (water to cellulose molecules, cells wall)
Surface tension
a measure of how diffiult it is to break the surface of a liquid
Capillary action
the depression or elevation of the surface of a liquid where it contacts a solid surface, for example, the sides of small tubes
Meniscus
liquid rises up the sides of the tube creating a crescent shaped body
Concave: adhesion > cohesion
Convex: adhesion < cohesion
Casparian strip
walls of the endodermal cells containing a waxy layer of suberin, effectively sealing off the apoplast route of entry into the stele; can only pass through symplast of endodermis
Root pressure
upward push of fluid sap (due to buildup of water causing fluid to rise in the xylem)
Transpiration
evaporation of water from leaves
Negative pressure leads to pull of water and nutrients up the xylem
What do guard cells do?
Guard cells control the sides of the stomata and help to keep a balance between the needs of water conservation and photosynthesis
Sporophyte
the multicellular, diploid form of an angiosperm plant which results from the union of haploid male and female gametes and, at maturity, is capable of meiotically producing haploid spores
Gametophyte
the multicellular, haploid form of an angiosperm plant that mitotically produces haploid male and female gametes
Flower
a complete reproductive structure formed by the transition of a vegetative apical meristem to a floral meristem in the terminal bud of a stem, whose leaves differentiate to form its organs; sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
Stamens and carpels
Stamens are the male reproductive organs of the plant
Carpels are the female reproductive organs of the plant
Petals and sepals
are leaves (nonproductive organs) used to attract pollinators and to protect the reproductive structures
Receptacle
four floral organs are attached to the shoot (stem) by the receptacle
Ovary
in flowering plants, the portion of the female reproductive organ (carpel) that contains one or more ovules that house the female gametophyte
Style
the stalk of the female reproductive organ (carpel) situated between the ovary at its base and the stigma at its top
Stigma
receives pollen
Seed coat
the protective outer covering of a seed formed from the outer coat of an ovule within the ovary of a flowering plant, which encapsulates the embryo and endosperm
Hilum
a layer of scar tissue located on the side of the bean
Cotyledons
embryonic seed leaves that absorb and transfer the food reserves of the endosperm to the germinating embryonic plant
Hypocotyl
the region of the shoot below the point of attachment
Radicle
the root on an embryonic, angiosperm plant
Epicotyl
the region of the shoot above the point of cotyledon attachment
Plumule
the shoot tip with the first pair of foliage leaves at the end of the epicotyl
Scutellum
the name given to the cotyledon of certain monocot grass seeds such as wheat
Endosperm
the tissue of the scutellum absorbs and transfers the food reserves storied in the endosperm to the developing plant
Coleoptile
small plumules encased in a protective sheath
Coleorhiza
the radicle is covered by its own protective layer
Tropisms
movements that are produced by differential growth in a plant in response to external stimuli
Positive Phototropism
the growth of a shoot towards a light source
Negative Gravitropism
upward growth of a shoot placed on its side