What do megakaryocytes produces and where are they found?
They produce and release platelets. they are polyploidal and do not undergo mitosis (no cell division)
They are ONLY in bone marrow
What are the white blood cells from most common to least? Which ones are agranular?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophil, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
L and M are agranular
What types of granules do neutrophils have?
specific granules - have bacteriolytic enzymes
Azurophilic granules - non-specific granules, lyososomes
tertiary granules - non specific granules, facilitate movement through conn. tissue
What are some physical characteristics of eosinophil and what types of granules do they have?
They have 2-3 lobed nucleus.
They have specific granules involved in parasitic infection.
Azurophilic granules: Non-specific granules, lysosomes
they engulf bacteria/parasite by releasing toxic compounds and are involved in inflammatory and allergic react
Physical characteristics of basophils and their granules, what are they invovle din?
They have bi-lobed nucleus. They stain very dark blue
Two types of granules:
Specific granules containing histamine (vasodilation)
and heparin (prevents clotting)
Azurophilic nonspecific granules: lysosomes
Facts about lymphocytes? What are the types of lymphocytes?
Large nucleus to cytoplasm ratio (nucleus is huge, takes up most of cell)
T cells- cell mediated immunity (does not involve antibodies, but rather, activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific T cells, release of cytokines)`, migrate to target
B cells- humo
What are the 3 layers of the heart?1
epicardium (outer)
Myocardium (middle, thickest)
endocardium (inner)
What are the 3 layers of vessels?
tunica adventitia (outer) connective tissue
tunica media (middle)-smooth muscle
tunica intima (inner)-endothelium (simple squamous), the entire CV system is lined with this
What is the epicardium responsible for?
cushions heart in pericardial cavity
location of major blood vessels and nerves
visceral layer of serous pericardium
What is the myocardium responsible for?
it's the cardiac muscle, most important layer of the heart (also majority of the heart)
What is the endocardium responsible for?
inner layer containing connective tissue,
location of conducting system of the heart
What are the layers of the heart and the pericardium and their functions
visceral pericardium/epicardium (a serous membrane)
pericardial cavity (between the visceral and parietal pericardium - contains pericardial fluid
parietal pericardium (serous membrane)
fibrous pericardium (dense fibers stabilize the heart and vessels in
What are the 3 layers of the vessel wall?
tunica intima (inner)
tunica media (middle)
tunica adventitia (outer)
What is the tunica intima made of? What special layer does it have
endothellium, basal lamina and connective tissue
in muscular arteries, arterioles and some large veins, it's separated from the tunica media by an internal elastic lamina
What is the tunica media made of?
concentric smooth muscle cells with elastic fibers
elastic arteries have sheets of elastic membranes
in muscular arteries they're separated from the tunica adventitia by an external elastic lamina
What is the tunica adventitia made of?
type I collagen and elastic fibers
What are the capillaries made of? What types of capillaries are there
endothelial cells and basement membrane ONLY
fenestrated (small pores), continuous, and sinusoidal (discontinuous) (large cells, fluids pass)
Where is continuous capillary most likely found
most common, and is found in
muscle,
connective tissue,
lung,
placenta
Where is sinusoid or discontinuous capillary found?
has gaps, discontinuous basal lamina
Here blood moves slowly for maximal free exchange between blood and interstitial fluid
found in
liver
bone marrow
spleen
What occurs in the venules
site where WBC leave circulation
What are some features of the vessel layers in veins?Where are special (large) veins found?
Features of their vessel layers?
has thin tunica media
tunica adventitia is well- developed
tunica intima form valves to prevent back-flow of blood
i.e. superior and inferior vena cava
in large veins, tunica adventitia is the largest layer which contains smooth muscle arranged in longitu
Where is fenestrated capillary found
foudn where rapid exchange is needed -
endocrine glands,
intestine,
kidney
What do lymphatic capillaries and vessels consist of?
single layer of endothelium, incomplete basal lamina
Has anchoring filaments of elastin that bind to surrounding connective tissue
abundant in valves