Name the structures of the pulmonary circuit
A. pulmonary arteries
B. pulmonary veins
C. pulmonary trunk
D. lungs
E. right ventricle
F. respiratory capillaries
Name the structures of the systemic circuit
A. aorta
B. left atrium
C. vena cavae
D. carotid arteries
Place the labels in order denoting the flow of blood through the systemic circuit beginning with the left atrioventricular valve and ending in the right atrium.
1. left AV valve
2. left ventricle
3. aortic valve
4. ascending aorta
5. coronary arteries
6. l. subclavian artery
7. systemic capillaries
8. systemic veins
9. vena cavae
10. right atrium
Define endocardium
Covers the valve surfaces and is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels
Define epicardium
Serous membrane; mainly simple squamous epithelium over areolar connective tissue with an adipose covering
Define myocardium
Thickest layer; made of muscle and performs the work of the heart
Choose the correct statement(s) that accurately explain(s) impulse conduction to the myocardium.
A. Firing of the SA node excites atrial cardiocytes and stimulates the two atria to contract almost simultaneously.
B. In the AV node, the signal slows down to about 0.05 m/sec because the cardiocytes have fewer gap junctions over which the signal can be
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does aortic pressure reach its maximum?
ventricular ejection
During which complete phase of the cardiac cycle do the atria both relax and contract?
ventricular filling
During which complete phase of the cardiac cycle do both the atria and ventricles relax?
isovolumetric ventricles relax
True or False:
The audible heart sounds are caused by the contraction of the atria and ventricles.
FALSE
True or False:
Blood pressure is usually measured with a sphygmomanometer, which is a calibrated mercury manometer.
TRUE
True or False:
Blood pressure is expressed in millimeters of mercury because mercury is so dense it enables pressure to be measured with shorter columns.
TRUE
The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output is called __________.
cardiac reserve
The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that an additional stretch of the myocardium produces a significant increase in __________ on the next beat.
contraction force
If the right ventricle begins to pump an increased amount of blood, this soon arrives at the left ventricle, stretches it more than before, and causes it to increase its stroke volume and match that of the right. This is an example of __________.
preload
Exercise has which of the following effects on cardiac output?
A. The main reason the heart rate increases at the beginning of exercise is that proprioceptors in the muscles and joints transmit signals to the cardiac centers.
B. As the exercise progresses, muscular activity increases venous return.
C. A sustained pro
Correctly sequence the pathway of blood flow through the heart, beginning with the venae cavae.
1. blood enters right atrium from vena cavae
2. blood in right atrium flows through right AV valve intro right ventricle
3. contraction of right ventricle forces pulmonary valve open
4. blood flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
5. blood is