Anatomy and physiology final

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy: learning about the size, shape, and location of structures in the body
Physiology: How the structures in the body work

what are the levels of structural organization of the human body starting at the molecular level and ending with the organism.

Atoms
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
organism

What organ system picks up leaked fluids and returns it to the blood

Lymphatic system

Which system regulates water, electrolytes, and the acid-base balance

Urinary system

To which two systems do the ovaries and testes belong

Reproductive and Endocrine system

Which system is responsible for the elimination of metabolic wastes

Excretory systems/Digestive system

What are the necessary life functions for humans and many other animals

digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, coordination, and immunity.

What are the survival needs of humans?

Oxygen
Water
Food
Shelter
Sleep

Know how to describe correct anatomical position

Name the body cavities

Dorsal body cavity : contains vertebral and cranial cavities
Thoracic cavities: Heart and lungs
Abdominal cavity: Digestive organs
Pelvic cavity: Contains urinary and reproductive organs

Planes of the body

Transverse
Frontal
Saggital

What are the specific functions of the organelles of the cell - including the cell membrane and cytoplasm

To make the cells function correctly and in order.
-Nucleus The "brains" of the cell, the nucleus directs cell activities and contains genetic material called chromosomes made of DNA.
-Mitochondria Make energy out of food
- Ribosomes: Make protein
- Golgi

What are the typical locations of the major organelle in the cell?

- Nuclei is located in the center of the cell
-The cell membrane is located on the outside and protects the cell.
- Cytoplasm: the jelly-like inside of the cell and provides home for the organelles.

What molecules of the cell membrane affects the passage of water-soluble molecules>

Phospholipid bilayer

Which type of molecules in the plasma membrane act as receptors or binding sites>

Protein carriers/channels

What are the three major components of the cytoplasm?

Cytosol, Inclusions, and organelles

What is the movement of fluid through a membrane from high pressure to low pressure?

Filtration

What are three types of passive transport and what types of things are moved with each?

Simple Diffusion: Fat soluble molecules pass right through the membrane
Facilitated diffusion: follows normal laws of diffusion, but use protein to pick and choose the solutes that enter
Osmosis: The diffusion of water through lipid and a phospholipid.

What are three types of active transport and what types of things are moved with each?

Sodium-potassium pump: Sodium ions out and potassium in.
Exoctyosis: Moves substances out
Endocytosis: Engulfs objects in

What are the 3 types of tonicity in a solution

Isotonic: same on either sides of the memrane
Hypotonic: Solutions in which the outside solution contains more water than solutes so the cell plumps up
Hypertonic: when More water in the cell than the solution outside so the cells shrivel up

In which type of epithelial tissue are goblet cells found?

Simple, columnar epithelium

Of the four main categories of tissues, which does not have a direct blood supply?

Epithelium ( or cartilage )

What are the four main categories of tissue types - be able to compare and contrast each to the others

Epithelial tissue: cover the skin
Nervous tissue: consists of the neurons and neuroglia
Muscular tissue: consists of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle
Connective tissue: Tissue that is most abundant in the body, ties and hold the body together

Which type of tissue has an extensive intercellular matrix?

Connective tissue

Which type of epithelial tissue composes the skin

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which type of connective tissue composes the tendons and ligaments

Dense connective tissue

Which type of connective tissue forms the subcutaneous layer and acts as a form of insulation and cushioning?

Adipose tissue

How are glands with or without ducts classified

Endocrine glands: Those with no glands
Exocrine: with glands to the outside of the body.

Which type of muscle contains intercalated disks?

Cardiac muscle tissue

Which type of muscle is found in the hollow organs such as the intestines?

Smooth muscle

What are the long cellular extensions that propel cells such as sperm cells?

Flagella

What are (shorter) cellular extensions that increase surface area for absorption?

Microvilli

Know the five stages of mitosis and what happens in the cell/DNA in each.?

Interphase: Cell is in homeostasis
Prophase: Nuclear membrane dissipates and spindle forms around chromosomes
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the middle of the plate in the center of the cell
Anaphase: Centrioles tug chromatids apart and divide DNA info

What are the three types of epithelial membranes?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Which membrane is made of connective tissue only?

Synovial membranes

Which term is used to describe a serous membrane that is against an organ?

Visceral membranes

Which serous membrane surrounds the heart?

Pericardium

Which serous membrane surrounds the lungs?

Pleura

How is the skin categorized regarding membranes?

Cutaneous membrane

What locations with the mucous membranes I have common?

Esophagus, nose, Ureter lining

Which type of sweat gland is located in the arm pits and groin area?

Apocrine glands

Name three vital functions of the skin.

Waterproofing, protection of connective tissue/muscle, and regulating body heat

Which protein is responsible for making the skin tough?

Keratin

Which type of epithelial tissue composes the outermost later of the skin?

Stratified squamous epithelium

Which part of the skin has no blood supply of its own?

Epidermis

Which type of tissue composes the hypodermis?

Adipose or subcutaneous tissue

What is the function of melanin production in the skin?

Melanin blocks the harmful rays of the sun on the skin in the epidermis. when sun rays hit it, melanocytes produce melanin to tan the skin and block rays.

In which layer of the epidermis are melanocytes located?

Epidermis

Which part of the skin contains sweat and oil glands?

reticular layer of the Dermis

Why are sebaceous glands important?

To remove waste from the body and to regulate body temperature.

What is the first threat to life from a severe third degree burn?

Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

What are the two layers of the dermis, and which is on the bottom?

Reticular and papillary; Reticular is the most inferior .

What does the ABCD rule stand for, and how is it used?

For categorizing Malignant melanomas.
A: Asymetry
B: Border
C: Color
D: Diameter

How does the appearance differ between first, second, and third degree burns?

First degree burns are minor burns that only affect the epidermis. results in redness and pain.
2nd degree burns involve injury to the epidermis and dermis , results in redness and swelling, eventually leading to blisters
3rd degree burns are full thickne

What are the structures of a typical long bone?

Longer than they are wide, they have a narrow shaft in the center with a wider head on each side

What are the typical microscopic structures of bone?

A central canal, perforating canals, canaliculi, Osteocytes, Osteblasts, Osteoclasts, Lamellae, lacunae.

What is the periosteum and how is it secured to the underlying compact bone?

The periosteum is a thin, connective membrane tissue that envelops the shaft of the bone. It is connected by sharpey's fibers.

What are the functions of both red and yellow bone barrows?

The red marrow produces red blood cells and the yellow marrow holds fat cells and nutrients.

What is the word for the process of blood cell formation?

Hematopoesis

In a long bone, what does the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicate?

That the bone has not stopped growing yet.

Which type of bone tissue is characterized by many different air pockets?

Spongy bone

What is a shallow depression on a bone that is usually the location of an articulation with another bone?

Facet

What is found running through the central canal of each osteon?

Nerves and blood vessels

What are the small cavities where osteocytes are located?

Lacunae

Which type of tissue is most common in a fetal skeleton?

Hyaline cartilage

What are the four stages of bone repair?

1: Hematoma forms
2: forms a tissue callus
3:tissue callus ossifies
4: bone remodeling occurs

What are the different types of fractures that can occur, what typically causes each and how do they appear?

Greenstick: Slightly broken, not completely torn.
Spiral: Friction forces twist bone apart
Compound: Bone sticks out of the skin
Comminuted: Bone fractured in many little parts
Depressed: Broken bone is pressed inward
Compression: Bone is crushed

What composes the axial skeleton?

Cranium, Spine, and bony thorax

What passes through the foramen magnum and where is it located?

The spinal cord; located in the base of the head

Why is the hyoid bone unique?

Only bone that does not articulate with any other bone

How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae exist in section?

7 in cervical, 12 in thoracic, and 5 in lumbar

What is the name of the very first vertebra?

Atlas

What is the name of the second vertebra?

Axis

What is the order of ribs from superior to inferior?

True ribs > False ribs > Floating ribs

What are the three classifications of articulations based on function, and describe each.

Synarthroses: Non-moving joints
Amphiarthroses: Slightly moving joints
Diarthroses: Fully moving joints

Which type of bone cells break down bone tissue? Which type of bone cells build bone tissue?

Osteoblasts build bone tissue
Osteoclasts destroy bone tissue

What are the different joint types - how they move and where each is located in the body?

Plane joint: Gliding movements; Carpals
Hinge joint: A 180 degree line of movement; Elbow joint
Pivot joint: Joints encapsulated rotate together to pivot; Radioulnar joint
Condylar joint: An egg shaped joint that moves like a 360 hinge joint; located in k

Compare and contrast osteo- to rheumatoid to gouty arthritis.

Osteoarthritis is the degrading of the articular cartilage in the joints causing bone spurs.
Rheumatoid arthritis: Inflammation of joint fluids
Gouty arthritis: The build up of uric acid in the joints causing painful growths.

Differentiate between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Osteoclasts destroy damaged bone tissue with enzymes and catalayse.
Osteoblasts recreate the bone tissue with bony matrix that hardens later.
They work in unison to remodel the bone.

Identify the hormones responsible for the processes of bone remodeling

Parathyroid hormones (PTH)