Kyphosis
Exaggerated over-curvature of thoracic area of vertebral column
Scoliosis
Lateral deviation of vertebral column
Transverse foramina
Major feature of cervical vertebrae
L4
Vertebra located at level of iliac crest
Ligamentum flavum
Ligament that connects internal surface of laminae of vertebrae
Anterior longitudinal
Ligament that checks hyperextension of vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal
Ligament affected by whiplash injury
Alar
Ligament which limits skull rotation
Pedicle
Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in cervical area
Pars interarticularis, Lamina
Defective portion of vertebra with spondylolisthesis in lumbar area
Posterior
Common direction of all superior articular facets of vertebrae
Transverse ligament of atlas (part of cruciate)
Structure in contact with posterior surface of dens
L4-5
Most commonly herniated intervertebral disc
L5
Most common nerve compressed with herniated intervertebral disc
C6
Spinal nerve affected by protrusion of the disc between C5/6
sixth
Thoracic intercostal space located deep to triangle of auscultation
L4
Vertebral level of lumbar puncture
Suboccipital nerve
Innervation of suboccipital muscles
Semispinalis capitis
Roof of suboccipital triangle
Posterior arch of atlas;
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Floor of suboccipital triangle
Vertebral artery
Major vessel within suboccipital triangle
Greater occipital nerve
Synonym for dorsal ramus of C2
SV2
Inferior extent of dura-arachnoid sac
LV2
Inferior extent of spinal cord
Epidural space
Location of internal vertebral plexus
Clavicle
Most frequently fractured bone of body
Lunate
Most frequently dislocated carpal bone
Scaphoid
Most frequently fracture carpal bone
Colle's fracture
Name of fracture of distal radius that produces "dinner fork" appearance
Axillary
Nerve injured with fracture of surgical neck of humerus
Ulnar
Nerve injured with fracture of medial humeral epicondyle
Radial
Nerve injured with fracture of shaft of humerus
Radial
Nerve injured in wrist drop
Deltoid
Muscle that is chief flexor and chief extensor at shoulder joint
Deltoid and teres minor
Muscles innervated by axillary nerve
Supraspinatus
Muscle that initiates abduction of arm
Supraspinatus
Most commonly torn tendon of rotator cuff
Trapezius and serratus anterior
Two muscles that rotate scapula for full abduction of arm
Long head of biceps
Tendon that courses through shoulder joint
Biceps brachii
Chief supinator muscle of hand
Long thoracic nerve
Injury to what nerve causes winged scapula
C5 and C6
Spinal levels of axillary nerve
C8 and T1
Spinal levels to muscles of the hand
C6
Dermatome of thumb
Recurrent branch of Median
Nerve to thenar compartment
Ulnar (deep br.)
Innervation of adductor pollicis
Ulnar (deep br.)
Innervation to all interosseous muscles
Shoulder
Region affected by upper trunk injury of brachial plexus
Intrinsic hand muscles
Region affected by lower trunk injury of brachial plexus
Median
Nerve compressed with carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar
Nerve affected by cubital tunnel syndrome
Lumbricals
Paralysis of which muscles results in total "claw" hand
Inguinal ligament, sartorius and adductor longus
Boundaries of femoral triangle
Femoral nerve
Structure immediately lateral to femoral sheath
Femoral vein
Structure immediately medial to femoral artery in femoral sheath
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Contents of femoral canal
Lacunar ligament
Medial boundary of femoral ring
Femoral artery and vein
Structures that course throughout entire length of adductor canal
Saphenous nerve, nerve
to vastus medialis, descending genicular vessels
Structures that course through only portion of adductor canal
Popliteus
Muscle that forms floor of popliteal fossa
Iliopsoas
Muscle that is chief flexor at hip joint
Gluteus medius
Muscle that prevents pelvis from tilting when walking
Quadriceps femoris
Muscle that extends leg
Popliteus
Muscle that unlocks knee joint
Tibialis anterior
Muscle affected with "foot slap
Tibialis anterior and posterior
Chief invertors of foot
Fibularis longus and brevis
Chief evertors of foot
Anterior cruciate
Ligament that checks backward displacement of femur on tibia
Medial collateral
Ligament laxity with positive valgus maneuver
Anterior talofibular
Most commonly injured ankle ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring)
Ligament stretched with "flat foot
Subtalar and transverse
Tarsal
Joints for movements of inversion and eversion
Medial femoral circumflex
Major artery to head of femur in adult
Common fibular
Nerve affected with fracture of head and neck of fibula
Fibularis brevis
Tendon affected with avulsion fracture of 5th metatarsal
Obturator, tibial portion of Sciatic
Innervation of adductor magnus
Tibial
Nerve affected with tarsal tunnel syndrome
Saphenous (L4)
Cutaneous innervation to medial side of foot
Sural (S1)
Cutaneous innervation to lateral side of foot
Tibial
Cutaneous innervation of heel
Deep fibular
Cutaneous innervation to dorsal aspect of web between toes 1 and 2
Superficial fibular
Cutaneous innervation of most of dorsum of foot
L4
Major dermatome to big toe
S1
Dermatome to small toe
L4
Spinal level of patellar reflex
S1
Spinal level of Achilles reflex
Meniscus injury
Locking of knee when walking suggests
Medial collateral, medial
meniscus and anterior cruciate ligament
Major injury triad with lateral impact to knee
T4
Dermatome around nipple
TV7
Vertebral level at inferior angle of scapula
Thymus
Structure that lies immediately posterior to manubrium
2nd
Rib related to oblique fissure of lung posteriorly
4th
Rib paralleled by horizontal fissure of right lung
6th rib
Inferior extent of lung at midclavicular line
8th rib
Inferior extent of pleura at midclavicular line
8th rib
Inferior extent of lung at midaxillary line
10th rib
Inferior extent of pleura at midaxillary line
10th rib
Inferior extent of lung posteriorly
12th rib
Inferior extent of pleura posteriorly
Intercostal nerve
Innervation of costal pleura
Phrenic nerve
Innervation of mediastinal pleura
Left 2nd interspace
Site for auscultation of pulmonary valve
Right 2nd interspace
Site for auscultation of aortic valve
Xiphisternal joint
Site for auscultation of tricuspid valve
Left 5th interspace, midclavicular line
Site for auscultation of mitral valve
Right ventricle
Heart chamber with greatest sternocostal projection
Left ventricle
Chamber that forms apex of heart
Left atrium
major chamber that forms base of heart
Right ventricle
Heart chamber that contains moderator band
Posterior interventricular
Artery that determines coronary dominance
Right coronary artery
Usual origin of SA and AV nodal arteries
Cristae terminalis
Location of SA node
Coronary sinus
Major vessel that drains the musculature of the heart
Phrenic nerve
Innervation of fibrous pericardium
Aortic stenosis
Most common cause of systolic ejection murmur
Second rib
Rib associated with sternal angle
Disc between TV4-5
Vertebral level associated with sternal angle
Between left pulmonary artery and aorta
Location of ductus arteriosus
Left recurrent laryngeal
Nerve
Nerve potentially injured with repair of patent ductus arteriosus
Subclavian and internal Jugular
Veins that unite to form brachiocephalic
Right and left Brachiocephalic
Veins that unite to form superior vena cava
Superior vena cava
Termination of azygos vein
Azygos veins, aorta
Structures that lie to right and left of thoracic duct
T5-9
Spinal levels of greater splanchnic nerve
T10-11
Spinal levels of lesser splanchnic nerve
T12
Spinal levels of least splanchnic nerve
Left bronchus, aorta and
Diaphragm
Thoracic structures that can compress the esophagus
Myasthenia gravis
Disease often associated with thymoma
Round ligament of liver
Remnant of umbilical vein
T10
Dermatome to umbilical area
L1
Dermatome to suprapubic area
T12
Vertebral level associated with origin of celiac artery
L1
Vertebral level associated with origin of SMA
L2
Vertebral level associated with origin renal arteries
L2
Vertebral level associated with origin of gonadal arteries
L3
Vertebral level associated with origin of IMA
Disc L3-4
Vertebral level of umbilicus
L5
Vertebral level of aortic bifurcation
L5
Vertebral level for formation of IVC
T7 - L1
Spinal levels to muscles of anterior abdominal wall
Aponeurosis of external
Oblique
Structure that forms superficial inguinal ring
Trasnversalis fasica
Structure that forms deep inguinal ring
Inguinal ligament
Structure that form floor of inguinal canal
ASIS and pubic tubercle
Bony attachments of inguinal ligament
Internal oblique and
transversus abdominis
Structures that form conjoint tendon
External oblique
Abdominal layer continuous with external spermatic fascia
Internal oblique
Abdominal continuous with cremasteric fascia
Transversalis fascia
Abdominal layer continuous with internal spermatic fascia
Inferior epigastric artery
Structure that lies between protrusion sites of direct and indirect hernias
Indirect inguinal
Type of hernia that enters deep inguinal ring
Indirect inguinal
Most common type of hernia
Right
Most common side for indirect inguinal hernia
Direct inguinal
Type of hernia that protrudes through Hesselbach's triangle
Inguinal ligament, rectus
abdominis, inferior epigastric artery and vein
Boundaries of Hesselbach's triangle
Indirect inguinal
Type of hernia that traverses both deep and superficial rings
Hydrocele
Fluid in processus vaginalis
Epiploic foramen
Communication between greater and lesser sacs
Caudate lobe of liver
Superior border of epiploic foramen
Part one of duodenum
Inferior border of epiploic foramen
IVC
Posteiror border of epiploic foramen
Hepatoduodenal (lesser
omentum)
Ligament that contains portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
Phrenicocolic ligament
Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid in left paracolic gutter
Root of mesentary
Structure that limits spread of ascitic fluid within infracolic compartment
Hepatorenal recess
Superior extent of right paracolic gutter
Rectouterine pouch
Most inferior portion of peritoneal cavity
Stomach, duodenum, liver,
spleen, gallbladder, pancreas
Structures supplied by celiac artery
Left gastric, common
hepatic and splenic
Branches of celiac artery
Right and left
gastroepiploics, right, left and short gastric
Blood supply to stomach
Pancreas, spleen, left
kidney and suprarenal gland, diaphragm
Major structures of bed of stomach
Cystic and common Hepatic
Ducts that join to form common bile duct
Falciform ligament
Structure that separates right and left lobes of liver
Right hepatic artery
Origin of cystic artery
Ribs 9-11
Ribs directly related to spleen
Stomach, colon, left kidney, tail of pancreas
Organs related to spleen
SMA
Artery to small intestine
Duodenum, pancreas
Organs supplied by both celiac and SMA
Transverse colon
Organs supplied by both SMA and IMA
IVC
Vessel located posterior to head of pancreas
Portal vein
Vessel located posterior to neck of pancreas
Splenic and SMV
Veins that unite to form portal vein
Esophagus, rectum, liver
Clinically importatnt organs for portacaval anastomoses
Left renal vein, duodenum
Two structures that lies posterior to SMA near its origin
Tenia coli, haustra, epiploic appendages
Three distinguishing features of the large intestine
Left renal vein
Termination of left gonadal vein
Inferior vena cava
Termination of right gonadal vein
Umbilical region
Location of initial pain of appendicitis
Phrenic
Motor innervation of diaphragm
Phrenic + intercostal
Sensory innervation of diaphragm
C3-5
Spinal levels of phrenic nerve
T8
Vertebral level that inferior vena cava traverses diaphragm
T10
Vertebral level that esophagus traverses diaphragm
Vagal trunks
Structures that traverse diaphragm with esophagus
T12
Vertebral level that aorta traverses diaphragm
Thoracic duct
Structure that traverses diaphragm with aorta
Greater, lesser and least
splanchnic nerves
Structure that traverses diaphragm through crura
Pelvic diaphragm
Structure that separates pelvis and perineum
Levator ani + coccygeus
Two major components of pelvic diaphragm
Pubococcygeus and
Iliococcygeus
Two major components of levator ani
Obturator internus and
Piriformis
Two muscles which close lateral pelvic wall
Lesser sciatic foramen
Means by which obturator internus exits pelvis
Greater sciatic foramen
Means by which piriformis exits pelvis
Pelvic splanchnics (S2-4)
Innervation of detrusor
Medial umbilical ligaments
Remnants of umbilical arteries
Superior rectal
Chief artery to rectal mucosa
Gynecoid
Most common type of pelvic inlet in females
Ovarian and round Ligament
Two remnants of gubernaculum in females
Suspensory ligament of Ovary
Ligament that contains ovarian vessels
Lumbar
Lymph nodes for ovary and testes
Anterverted, anteflexed
Normal position of uterus
Pubococcygeus
Chief uterine support
Lateral cervical
Ligament that contains uterine vessels
Ureter
Structure potentially injured with hysterectomy
Inferior and posterior
Relation of ureter to uterine artery
Perineal membrane
Structure that separates deep and superficial perineal spaces
Ischial tuberosities
Bony landmarks between anal and UG triangles
Fascia of obturator Internus
Lateral wall of ischioanal fossa
Fascia of obturator Internus
Structure that forms the pudendal canal
Pectinate line
Structure that separates internal and external hemorrhoids
Internal iliac, IM
Lymph nodes for area superior to pectinate line of anal canal
Superficial inguinal
Lymph nodes for area inferior to pectinate line of anal canal
Sphincter urethrae
Major structure of deep perineal space
Deep inguinal
Lymph nodes for glans penis
Bulbospongiosus
Muscle which compresses the bulb of penis
Ischiocavernosus
Muscle which compresses the crus of penis
Superficial and deep
perineal, bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, pubococcygeus
Muscles which meet at the perineal body
CV3
Vertebral level of hyoid bone
CV4,5
Vertebral level of thyroid cartilage
CV6
Vertebral level of cricoid cartilage
Trapezius, SCM
Muscles that are innervated by CN XI
Brachial plexus, subclavian artery
Structures that course between anterior and middle scalene
Ansa cervicalis
Innervation of omohyoid, sternohyoid and sternothyroid
Anterior belly = CN V
Posterior belly = CN VII
Innervation of digastric
CN IX, CN X
Innervation of carotid sinus and carotid body
Auditory tube, levator veli
Palatini
Major structures to pass through pharyngeal wall superior to superior constrictor
CN IX, CN X, Sympathetics
Nerves of pharyngeal plexus
Stylopharyngeus
Only muscle innervated by CN IX
Internal laryngeal nerve,
superior laryngeal artery
Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane
Posterior cricoarytenoid
Only muscle to abduct vocal cords
External laryngeal nerve
Innervation of cricothyroid
Recurrent laryngeal
Innervation of laryngeal muscles exclusive of cricothyroid
Cricothyroid
Muscle that increases tension on vocal cords
Internal laryngeal
Sensory nerve to larynx superior to vocal cords
Recurrent laryngeal
Sensory nerve to larynx inferior to vocal cords
Piriform recess
Site of aspirated lodged fishbone
CN IX - CN X
Afferent - efferent limbs of gag reflex
CN X - CN X
Afferent - efferent limbs of cough reflex
Recurrent laryngeal
Nerve injury that causes hoarseness following thyroid surgery
CN VII and VIII
Chief structures that traverse internal acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid foramen
Foramen where CN VII exits skull
Middle meningeal
Major arterial supply to calvaria and supratentorial dura
CN V
Major cutaneous nerve of face
Maxillary
Major artery to internal structures of head
T1 - 2
Spinal levels of sympathetic fibers to head
Ciliary
Autonomic ganglia for CN III
Geniculate
Sensory ganglia for CN VII
PPG and submandibular
Autonomic ganglia for CN VII
Otic
Autonomic ganglia for CN IX
Lateral pterygoid
Muscle attached to disc of TMJ
Temporalis
Muscle that retracts mandible
Auriculotemporal
Major nerve to TMJ (pain)
Tympanic branch of CN IX
and lesser petrosal
Specific nerves that elicit secretion from the parotid gland
Auriculotemporal
Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetics to parotid
Posterior ethmoid sinus
Structure that opens into superior meatus of nasal cavity
Frontal, maxillary, anterior
and middle ethmoid
Structures that open into middle meatus of nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal duct
Structures that opens into inferior meatus of nasal cavity
Sphenopalatine
Major artery to nasal cavity
Kiesselbach's plexus
Most common site of nose bleed
CN X
Innervation of levator veli palatini
Tensor veli palatini
Muscle that opens auditory tube
CN V3
Innervation of tensor veli palatini
Chorda tympani
Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Geniculate ganglion
Site of cell bodies for nerve that carries taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
Chorda tympani
Specific nerve that elicits secretion from submandibular gland
Lingual
Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetic to submandibular
CN X
Nerve injured when tonsilar pillars sag and uvula deviates
CN IX
Nerve potentially injured with tonsillectomy
Genioglossus
Muscle that protrudes tongue
Ipsilateral CN XII
Nerve injured when deviation of protruded tongue
Greater petrosal CN VII
Specific nerve that stimulates tear production
CN V1 (nasociliary)
Sensory nerve to cornea
Inferior oblique
Muscle that elevates and abducts eye
Superior oblique
Muscle that depresses and abducts eye
Lateral horn, T1 - 2
Site of preganglionic nerve cells that elicits dilation of pupil
Superior cervical ganglion
Site of postganglionic nerve cells that elicits dilation of pupil
Edinger-Westphal
Site of preganglionic nerve cells that elicits constriction of pupil
Ciliary ganglion
Site of postganglionic nerve cells that elicits constriction of pupil
Auriculotemporal, CN X
Innervation of external surface of tympanic membrane
CN IX
Innervation of internal surface of tympanic membrane
TV4-5
Level where ascending aorta is continuous with arch of aorta
TV4-5
Level where arch of aorta is continuous with descending aorta
Bronchodilation, Vasoconstriction
Effect of sympathetic nerves on lungs
Bronchoconstriction,
Vasodilation
Effect of parasympathetic nerves on lungs
Wider diameter, shorter and more vertical
Rationale for aspirated small objects to go to right primary bronchus
Superior to 12th rib, posteriorly
Needle location for therapeutic pleural tapping
conus arteriosum or
infundibulum
Name given to portion of right ventricle prior to beginning of pulmonary trunk
Anteversion
Name given to orientation where uterus and vagina intersect at angle of 90 degrees
Anteflexion
Name given to orientation where uterine body and cervix intersect at angle of 10-15 degrees
Cristae terminalis
Ridge located between sinus venarum and right ventricle
Both left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves
Nerve at risk when performing thyroidectomy
Vastus medialis
Specific muscle that holds patella in place
Vastus medialis
First portion of quadriceps femoris to atrophy with injury to femoral nerve
Vastus medialis
Last portion of quadriceps femoris to recover following injury
Median nerve
Innervation to nail bed of middle finger
Ulnar and median
Innervation to nail bed of ring finger
L4
Spinal nerve affected with herniated disc at L3/L4