Biochemisty
Study of processes that take places in organisms
Matter
Anything that has weight and takes up space.
Elements
All matter is composed of fundamental substances
Compounds
combination of 2 or more elements
Bulk Elements
(O2, H2, N2, C, P, S) 95% of the human body. elements found in bulk in the body
Trace Elements
elements or minerals needed in very small amounts
Ultratrace elements
vital in very small amounts, toxic in larger amounts
Atoms
the building blocks of matter
Electrons
negatively charged particles
Protons
Positively charged particles
Neutrons
the particles of the nucleus that have no charge
Atomic Number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Atomic Weight
the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
Isotopes
atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
Unstable Isotope
a radioactive isotope
Molecule
a combination of two or more atoms
Bonds
Atoms combine with other atoms
Octet Rule
States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons
inert
inactive, can not form a bond
Ions
electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons.
Ionic Bond
A bond formed between two ions by transfer of electrons
Covalent Bond
bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms
Polar molecules
type of covalent bond sharing of electrons. Electrons are unequally shared producing slite different charge at the pole( end of molecule )
Ex: Water Molecule
Hydrogen Bond
a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond
Chemical Reactions
breaking and forming of chemical bonds
Reactants
Those being changed by the chemical reaction
Products
Those formed at the reaction's conclusion
Synthesis Reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances combine to form a new, more complex substance
A+B--->AB
Decomposition Reaction
(chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
AB--->A+B
Exchange Reaction
reaction in which molecules are exchanged to create new products; AB + CD ---> AD + CB
Reversible Reaction
A chemical reaction in which the products re-form the original reactants
A+B <=> AB
Catalysts
chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
Electrolytes
Compounds that ionize when they dissolve in water
Acids
Substances that releases hydrogen ions
Bases
Substance that releases ions that can combine with hydrogen ions
Salt
Substance formed by the reaction between an acid and a base
pH
represents the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions in a solution.
Alkalosis
blood pH level of more than 7.45
Acidosis
blood pH level of less than 7.35
Organic Substances
made up of Carbon and Hydrogen
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
- Forms rings, long chains, branched chains which contain single or double bonds.
Inorganic Substances
chemicals that do not include carbon and hydrogen.
Water, Oxgyen, Carbon Dioxide, and Inorganic Salts
Water
The most abundant compound in cells. Many chemical reactions take place in water. Water transports chemicals and heat and helps release excess body heat.
Oxygen
Releases energy needed for metabolic activities from glucose and other molecules
Carbon Dioxide
Produced when energy is released during metabolic processes.
Inorganic Salts
Provide ions needed in a variety of metabolic processes.
Bicarbonate ions
help maintain acid-base balance
Calcaium ions
necessary for bone development; muslce contraction and blood clotting.
Carbonate ions
Component of bone tissue
Chloride ions
Help maintain water balance
Hydrogen Ions
pH of the internal environment
Magnesium ions
Component of bone tissue
Phosphate ions
Required for synthesis of ATP, nucleic acids, and other vital substances; component of bone tissue; help maintain polarization of cell membranes.
Potassium ions
Required for polarization of cell membranes
Sodium ions
Required for polarization of cell membranes; help maintain water balance
Sulfate ions
Help maintain polarization of cell membtanes and acid-base balance.
Carbohydrates
-Sugars or starches
provide much of the energy cells require; their building blocks are simple sugar molecules
*They may form linear or ring structures
Lipids
supply energy and are used to build cell parts; their building blocks are molecules of glycerol and fatty acids.
Proteins
serve as structural materials, energy sources, hormones, cell surface receptors, antibodies, and enzymes. Building blocks are amino acids
Monosaccharides
simple (one) sugar
- glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Double Sugars
- Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Polysaccharides
Many Sugars
Reactions involving carbohydrates
Monosaccharides may be joined together via dehydration synthesis to form disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Storage CBHs
Plants: Starch
Animals: Glycogen
Structural CBHs
Plants: Cellulose
Animals and Fungi: Chitin-contains nitrogen
Lipids include...
- Fats and oils
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
- Steroids
Fat Functions
Stores twice the amount of energy of CBHs.
More compact fuel reserve than CBHs.
Cushions and protects organs.
Insulates
Phospholipids
Phosphate replaces a fatty acid chain