Which of the following is NOT a period of prenatal development?
pre-embryonic
fetal
embryonic
neonatal *
When does the prenatal period begin?
infancy
gestation
birth
conception *
Which of the following is NOT a prenatal period?
pre-embryonic
fetal
infancy *
embryonic
The organ systems rudimentarily form during the:
fetal period.
pre-embryonic period.
neo-natal period.
embryonic period. *
Which of the following implants in, or attaches to, the endometrium of the uterus?
embryo
fetus
blastocyst *
secondary oocyte
The embryonic period of prenatal development occurs from week 3 until week 8.
true *
false
Which of the following is one of the events of fertilization?
The oocyte pronucleus enters the sperm.
A primitive streak forms.
The sperm completes meiosis II.
Sperm acrosomal enzymes disrupt the zona pellucida. *
The series of functional changes that make the sperm fully motile and modify its plasma membrane so that it can fertilize the oocyte are called __________.
cortical reaction
cleavage
capacitation *
acrosomal reaction
The extraembryonic membrane that contains the embryo and secretes a fluid that protects the embryo is the __________.
allantois
amnion *
yolk sac
chorion
The hollow ball of cells that implants into the uterine wall is called the __________.
blastomere
blastocyst *
morula
zygote
During fertilization, a sperm fuses with a(n) __________.
secondary oocyte *
zygote
ovum
primary oocyte
The fusion of a sperm cell and secondary oocyte is known as:
ovulation.
meiosis.
capacitation.
fertilization. *
Where does fertilization usually occur?
uterus
isthmus of the uterine tube
infundibulum of the uterine tube
ampulla of the uterine tube *
After fertilization, a zygote rapidly divides to produce small, genetically identical cells known as:
pronuclei.
centromeres.
blastomeres. *
trophoblasts.
Which part of the embryo contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?
inner cell mass
trophoblast *
hypoblast
epiblast
Which of the following releases human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?
inner cell mass
syncytiotrophoblast *
cytotrophoblast
blastocyst
When do the extraembryonic membranes form?
second week of development *
tenth week of development
fifth week of development
eighth week of development
Which of the following is NOT a function of amniotic fluid?
protects the embryo from trauma
provides nutrition for the developing embryo *
allows the embryo freedom of movement
maintains a constant temperature for the developing embryo
Which extraembryonic membrane forms the embryonic part of the placenta?
allantois
chorion *
amnion
yolk sac
The four extraembryonic membranes that arise from the bilaminar embryonic disc are the chorion, amnion, allantois, and yolk sac.
true *
false
The nervous system forms from the __________.
chorionic villi
ectoderm *
endoderm
mesoderm
The endoderm gives rise to __________.
respiratory and digestive epithelium *
muscle and bone
the epidermis of skin
the brain and spinal cord
This germ layer forms the gonads, kidneys, and spleen of the developing embryo.
mesoderm
The majority of the liver, the gallbladder, and pancreas are formed by this germ layer.
endoderm
This germ layer forms the majority of the nervous system and sense organs.
ectoderm
The thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and the thymus are formed by this germ layer.
endoderm
The pigment cells of the skin, cells of the adrenal medulla, and connective tissue cells are formed by this germ layer.
ectoderm
This germ layer forms most of the cardiovascular system.
mesoderm
The head and tail regions, ventral and dorsal regions, right and left sides are established by:
the primitive streak. *
the chorionic villi.
the allantois.
ingression.
Which of the following steps must occur first during the embryonic period?
formation of the primitive streak
organogenesis
gastrulation *
embryonic folding
What process starts at the embryonic period?
formation of the blastula
implantation
fertilization
gastrulation *
Which of the following does NOT occur during the embryonic period?
organogenesis
gastrulation
formation of the placenta
implantation *
What does gastrulation accomplish?
implantation of the blastocyst into the endometrium
formation of the three germ layers *
formation of the primitive streak
differentiation of germ layers into organs and organ system
Which of the following is the inner germ layer?
epiblast
mesoderm
ectoderm
endoderm *
The differentiation of the germ layers into organs and organ systems is known as:
gastrulation.
embryonic folding.
ingression.
organogenesis. *
What does the ectoderm form?
gonads and kidneys
neural plate and neural tube *
internal epithelial layer of the digestive system
internal epithelial layer of the urinary system
Which germ layer forms the gonads and kidneys?
ectoderm
endoderm
notochord
mesoderm *
During which process is exposure to teratogens most devastating for the development of the embryo's organs?
formation of the blastula
cleavage
organogenesis *
gastrulation
By what week of prenatal development will organogenesis be complete?
week 12
week 4
week 8 *
week 16
The pre-embryonic period starts with a process called gastrulation.
true
false *
The three germ layers are the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
true *
false
Which of the following is a structure of fetal circulation?
ligamentum venosum
ligamentum teres
fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus *
By what week of prenatal development will the placenta be established?
week 12 *
week 8
week 4
week 16
What connects the placenta to the fetus?
notochord
chorion
allantois
umbilical cord *
What do the umbilical arteries transport?
deoxygenated blood away from the fetal heart *
oxygenated blood away from the fetal heart
oxygenated blood toward the fetal heart
nutrients toward the fetal heart
What contributes to the fetal portion of the placenta?
decidua basalis
allantois
chorionic villi *
decidua capsularis
What is NOT allowed to pass through the placental barrier between maternal and fetal blood supplies?
blood cells *
nutrients
certain gases
wastes
An adult heart should have a:
ligamentum arteriosum. *
ductus venosus.
ductus arteriosus.
foramen ovale.
Which of the following vascular shunts connects the fetal left and right atria?
foramen ovale *
fossa ovalis
ductus venosus
ductus arteriosus
The fetal period extends from the beginning of week 4 until the end of week 8.
true
false *
The placenta, a temporary organ that is shed after the infant is born, is the site of exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother and fetus.
true *
false
The ductus arteriosus is a fetal vascular shunt that allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk directly into the aorta.
true *
false
Which of the following hormones maintains the corpus luteum for the first 2 months of pregnancy until the placenta forms?
hPL
progesterone
hCG *
FSH
The last stage of delivery is the __________ stage.
expulsion
parturition
placental *
dilation
Which of the following is NOT one of the changes that happen in the maternal body during pregnancy?
increased hematocrit *
increased glomerular filtration rate
increased cardiac output
increased respiration rate
Which of the following hormones is NOT associated with parturition?
oxytocin
cortisol
estrogen
prolactin *
What makes estrogen and progesterone after the fourth month of pregnancy to maintain the uterine lining?
placenta *
corpus luteum
ovaries
anterior pituitary
The initial stimulus for labor comes from the:
maternal uterus.
maternal hypothalamus.
maternal ovaries.
fetus. *
Determine the series of hormonal events that leads to birth.
1. Oxytocin stimulates the placenta to secrete prostaglandins.
2. Fetal cortisol stimulates the placenta to secrete estrogen.
3. Prostaglandins dilate the cervix, and with oxytocin, increase the
1, 4, 2, 3
2, 4, 1, 3 *
2, 4, 3, 1
1, 3, 2, 4
A positive feedback mechanism initiates the rhythmic contractions of labor. Determine the hormones involved in this feedback loop.
estrogens and progesterone
cortisol and aldosterone
relaxin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
prostaglandins and oxytocin *
Parturition is also known as:
dilation.
labor.
childbirth. *
placentation.
Labor progresses through the following three stages:
dilation, effacing, and placental stages.
duration, expansion, and placental stages.
dilation, expansion, and pushing stages.
dilation, expulsion, and placental stages. *
The first stage of labor is:
propulsion.
effacement.
dilation. *
expulsion.
Joanne is ready to give birth. How much should her cervix be dilated?
2 mm
20 cm
10 cm *
4 cm
What major event occurs during the first stage of labor?
The placenta is delivered.
The fetal head crowns.
The newborn is delivered.
The cervix thins and dilates. *
During which stage of labor does the fetal head crown?
placental
expulsion *
dilation
effacement
What is the afterbirth?
urine
meconium, bile, and other wastes
placenta and attached fetal extraembryonic membranes *
amniotic fluids
The best fetal position for birth is the:
breech position.
nonvertex position.
vertex position. *
buttocks-first position.
An Apgar score of 9 means that __________.
the neonate is adjusting properly *
the weight and height of the neonate is below average
labor is progressing smoothly
embryonic development is normal
Prolactin is to milk __________ as oxytocin is to milk __________.
production; production
ejection; production
ejection; ejection
production; ejection *
The fluid discharge expelled from the uterus for up to 6 weeks after delivery is called __________.
meconium
lochia *
colostrum
chloasma
What is the neonatal period?
the first year of life
the first four months of life
the first six months of life
the first four weeks of life *
The Apgar score is assigned for several criteria measured at birth. What is NOT measured?
muscle activity
defecation *
grimace
respiratory level
Which hormones stimulate the growth of alveoli in the mother's mammary gland?
estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and prolactin *
oxytocin and progesterone
prolactin and cortisol
Neonatal heart rate and respiratory rate are both lower than those of adults.
true
false *