central sulcus
separate frontal and parietal lobes
Cerebral cortex
thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebrum
convolution (gyrus)
ridge on the surface of the cerebrum
corpus callosum
connects the cerebral hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
a layer of dura matter that separates cerebral hemispheres
Hypothalamus
Part of the diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle
Insula
cerebral lobe located deep within lateral sulcus
Medulla oblongata
contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.
Midbrain
short section of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons
Optic chiasma
the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain
pineal gland
A small cone-shaped structure attached to upper posterior portion of diencephalon
pons
Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem
cochlear branch
responsible for hearing
facial nerve
sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face
optic nerves
sense vision
olfactory nerves
sense smell
vestibular branch
balance and equilibrium
maxillary division
sensory fibers transmit impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate and skin of the face
mandibular nerves
Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip/teeth
ocularmotor
raising eyelids
focusing lenses of eyes
adjusting light entering the eye
moving eyes
accessory nerves
movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
vagus
speech and swallowing
facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
sense of taste
trigeminal (V)
conducting sensory impulses from upper teeth
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
sense of hearing
trigeminal (V)
conducting sensory impulses from lower teeth
optic (II)
sense of sight
oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)
moving eyes
oculomotor (III)
raising eyelids
olfactory (I)
sense of smell
oculomotor (III)
focusing lenses of eyes
oculomotor (III)
adjusting amount of light entering eye
vestibulocochlear (VIII)
sense of equilibrium
vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)
muscular movements associated with speech
facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)
stimulating salivary secretions
vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)
muscular movements associated with swallowing
accessory (XI)
movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
cerebellar peduncles
located between cerebellum and brainstem, and relays impulses to and from cerebellum
cardiac center
located in the medulla oblongata, and regulates heartbeat
respiratory center
located in the medulla oblongata, and regulates rate and depth of breathing
vasomotor center
located in the medulla oblongata, and controls diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure
Broca's area
located anterior to primary motor cortex (frontal lobe), and coordinates speech
cerebral peduncles
located in the midbrain, and provides motor pathways between cerebrum and lower parts
corpora quadrigemina
located in the midbrain, and contains visual and auditory reflex centers
reticular formation
located in the brainstem, and activates state of wakefulness
thalamus
located in the diencephalon, and relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex
hypothalamus
located in the diencephalon, and regulates body temperature and many visceral activities
limbic system
located in the diencephalon floor and associated inner cerebrum, and controls emotional feelings
frontal eye fields
located in the frontal lobe superior to Broca's area, and controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids
Corpus callosum
nerve fibers that connects two hemispheres of cerebrum
Falx cerebri
dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of cerebrum
Sulcus
shallow or deep groove
Fissure
very deep groove
Frontal lobe
a. motor- controls movement of voluntary skeletal muscle
b. assoc.- intellectual processes- concentrating, planning, problem solving, judging
Parietal lobe
a. sensory- sensations for touch, pain, pressure & temperature involving skin
b. assoc.- understanding speech & using words to express thoughts & feelings
Temporal lobe
a. sensory-hearing
b. assoc.- interpret sensory experiences, remember visual scenes, music etc.
Occipital lobe
a. sensory-vision
b. assoc.- combine visual images with other sensory info.
Broca's area
controls muscles in mouth tongue and larynx involved in speech
Frontal eye field
controls voluntary movement of eyes and eyelids
Wernicke's area
general interpretive area, consolidates input from multiple sensory areas & allows for recognition of words, reading & written ideas
Basal ganglia
relay motor impulses originating in the cerebrum & passing into the brain stem and spinal cord, usually inhibit motor function
A. Caudate nucleus
B. Putamen
C. Globus pallidus
Thalamus
receives all ascending sensory input (except smell), acts as a selective gateway & editor for info going to the cerebrum
Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis, links the nervous and endocrine systems (heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, water & electrolyte balance, hunger, digestion, stimulation of pituitary & wakefulness
Limbic system
controls emotional experience and expression (fear, anger, pleasure, etc), detects physical & psychological condition, produces behavior that enhances survival, interprets input from olfactory receptors (smell)
Midbrain
reflex centers & connects spinal cord & brain stem with higher parts of the brain
Cerebral peduncles
corticospinal tract (main motor pathways)
Corpora quadrigemina
A. Superior colliculi- visual reflexes- moving the eyes to view something as the head turns
B. Inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes- move the head to hear sounds more distinctly
Red nucleus
communicates with the cerebellum and spinal cord and provides reflexes to maintain posture
Pons
A. dorsal- relays impulses from medulla oblongata to cerebrum
B. ventral- transmits impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum, regulates rate and depth of breathing
Medulla oblongata
relays sensory impulses to thalamus & cerebrum, controls vital visceral activities (cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, coughing, sneezing, swallowing & vomiting)
Reticular formation
connects hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum & cerebrum, produces a state of wakefulness in cerebrum
Cerebellum
uses sensory input from propriocepters, eyes, ears etc. to coordinate
skeletal muscle movement & posture
A. Falx cerebelli- dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of cerebellum
Cerebellar peduncles
A. Inferior- brings sensory info about position of body parts via the spinal cord & medulla
B. Middle- transmits info from cerebrum about desired position of body parts
C. Superior- cerebellum integrates & analyzes info then sends correcting impulses thru
Somatic PNS
connects CNS to skin and skeletal muscles to control conscious activity
Autonomic PNS
controls involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands including blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature to maintain homeostasis
Sympathetic
controls expenditure of energy during stress or emergency
Parasympathetic
- restores the body to a restful state, conserves energy