A&P II CH 11

central sulcus

separate frontal and parietal lobes

Cerebral cortex

thin layer of gray matter on surface of cerebrum

convolution (gyrus)

ridge on the surface of the cerebrum

corpus callosum

connects the cerebral hemispheres

Falx cerebelli

a layer of dura matter that separates cerebral hemispheres

Hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon that forms lower walls and floor of third ventricle

Insula

cerebral lobe located deep within lateral sulcus

Medulla oblongata

contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and deals with autonomic functions, such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Midbrain

short section of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons

Optic chiasma

the crossing of the optic nerves from the two eyes at the base of the brain

pineal gland

A small cone-shaped structure attached to upper posterior portion of diencephalon

pons

Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem

cochlear branch

responsible for hearing

facial nerve

sensory for taste; motor fibers to the face

optic nerves

sense vision

olfactory nerves

sense smell

vestibular branch

balance and equilibrium

maxillary division

sensory fibers transmit impulses from the upper teeth, upper gum, upper lip, lining of the palate and skin of the face

mandibular nerves

Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip/teeth

ocularmotor

raising eyelids
focusing lenses of eyes
adjusting light entering the eye
moving eyes

accessory nerves

movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

vagus

speech and swallowing

facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

sense of taste

trigeminal (V)

conducting sensory impulses from upper teeth

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

sense of hearing

trigeminal (V)

conducting sensory impulses from lower teeth

optic (II)

sense of sight

oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI)

moving eyes

oculomotor (III)

raising eyelids

olfactory (I)

sense of smell

oculomotor (III)

focusing lenses of eyes

oculomotor (III)

adjusting amount of light entering eye

vestibulocochlear (VIII)

sense of equilibrium

vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)

muscular movements associated with speech

facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX)

stimulating salivary secretions

vagus (X), accessory (XI), and hypoglossal (XII)

muscular movements associated with swallowing

accessory (XI)

movement of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

cerebellar peduncles

located between cerebellum and brainstem, and relays impulses to and from cerebellum

cardiac center

located in the medulla oblongata, and regulates heartbeat

respiratory center

located in the medulla oblongata, and regulates rate and depth of breathing

vasomotor center

located in the medulla oblongata, and controls diameter of blood vessels and blood pressure

Broca's area

located anterior to primary motor cortex (frontal lobe), and coordinates speech

cerebral peduncles

located in the midbrain, and provides motor pathways between cerebrum and lower parts

corpora quadrigemina

located in the midbrain, and contains visual and auditory reflex centers

reticular formation

located in the brainstem, and activates state of wakefulness

thalamus

located in the diencephalon, and relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

hypothalamus

located in the diencephalon, and regulates body temperature and many visceral activities

limbic system

located in the diencephalon floor and associated inner cerebrum, and controls emotional feelings

frontal eye fields

located in the frontal lobe superior to Broca's area, and controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids

Corpus callosum

nerve fibers that connects two hemispheres of cerebrum

Falx cerebri

dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of cerebrum

Sulcus

shallow or deep groove

Fissure

very deep groove

Frontal lobe

a. motor- controls movement of voluntary skeletal muscle
b. assoc.- intellectual processes- concentrating, planning, problem solving, judging

Parietal lobe

a. sensory- sensations for touch, pain, pressure & temperature involving skin
b. assoc.- understanding speech & using words to express thoughts & feelings

Temporal lobe

a. sensory-hearing
b. assoc.- interpret sensory experiences, remember visual scenes, music etc.

Occipital lobe

a. sensory-vision
b. assoc.- combine visual images with other sensory info.

Broca's area

controls muscles in mouth tongue and larynx involved in speech

Frontal eye field

controls voluntary movement of eyes and eyelids

Wernicke's area

general interpretive area, consolidates input from multiple sensory areas & allows for recognition of words, reading & written ideas

Basal ganglia

relay motor impulses originating in the cerebrum & passing into the brain stem and spinal cord, usually inhibit motor function
A. Caudate nucleus
B. Putamen
C. Globus pallidus

Thalamus

receives all ascending sensory input (except smell), acts as a selective gateway & editor for info going to the cerebrum

Hypothalamus

maintains homeostasis, links the nervous and endocrine systems (heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, water & electrolyte balance, hunger, digestion, stimulation of pituitary & wakefulness

Limbic system

controls emotional experience and expression (fear, anger, pleasure, etc), detects physical & psychological condition, produces behavior that enhances survival, interprets input from olfactory receptors (smell)

Midbrain

reflex centers & connects spinal cord & brain stem with higher parts of the brain

Cerebral peduncles

corticospinal tract (main motor pathways)

Corpora quadrigemina

A. Superior colliculi- visual reflexes- moving the eyes to view something as the head turns
B. Inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes- move the head to hear sounds more distinctly

Red nucleus

communicates with the cerebellum and spinal cord and provides reflexes to maintain posture

Pons

A. dorsal- relays impulses from medulla oblongata to cerebrum
B. ventral- transmits impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum, regulates rate and depth of breathing

Medulla oblongata

relays sensory impulses to thalamus & cerebrum, controls vital visceral activities (cardiac center, vasomotor center, respiratory center, coughing, sneezing, swallowing & vomiting)

Reticular formation

connects hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum & cerebrum, produces a state of wakefulness in cerebrum

Cerebellum

uses sensory input from propriocepters, eyes, ears etc. to coordinate
skeletal muscle movement & posture
A. Falx cerebelli- dura mater that separates the two hemispheres of cerebellum

Cerebellar peduncles

A. Inferior- brings sensory info about position of body parts via the spinal cord & medulla
B. Middle- transmits info from cerebrum about desired position of body parts
C. Superior- cerebellum integrates & analyzes info then sends correcting impulses thru

Somatic PNS

connects CNS to skin and skeletal muscles to control conscious activity

Autonomic PNS

controls involuntary activities of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & glands including blood pressure, heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature to maintain homeostasis

Sympathetic

controls expenditure of energy during stress or emergency

Parasympathetic

- restores the body to a restful state, conserves energy