How would a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins affect plasma volume?
Plasma proteins create the osmotic pressure that helps to maintain plasma volume and draws leaked fluid back into the circulation. Hence, a decrease in the amount of plasma proteins would result in a reduced plasma volume.
Which body organ plays the major role in producing blood proteins?
The liver is the major source of blood proteins.
What are the three major categories of formed elements?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
What determines whether blood id bright red (scarlet) or dull red?
The color of blood varies with the amount of oxygen it is carrying. From most oxygen to least, blood goes from scarlet, to blue-red.
What is the role of hemoglobin in the red blood cell?
Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood as well as a small amount of carbon dioxide.
Which white blood cells are most important in body immunity?
Lymphocytes are the main actors in the blood as well as a small amount of carbon dioxide.
If you had a severe infection, would you expect your WBC to be closest to 5000, 10,000, or 15,000 per cubic millimeter?
INfection in the body causes an increase in WBC count, thus 15,000 per cubic millimeter.
Little Lisa is pale and listless. What disorder of erythrocytes might she be suffering from?
Anemia.
Why do many people with advanced kidney disease become anemic?
The kidneys produe most of the erythropoietin that stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow.
What is the name of the stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements?
The hemocytoblast gives rise to all formed elements.
What property of RBCs dooms them to a limited life span of about 120 days?
Lack of a nucleus, therefore they cannot carry out transcription and translation to produce proteins (enzymes and others).
How is the production of platelets different from that of all other formed elements?
The stem cell (megakeryocyte) undergoes mitosis withoutcytokinesis, many times, forming a large multinuclear cell, which then fragments into platelets.
What factors enhancethe risk of thrombus formation in intact blood vessels?
Inactivity, leading to blood poooling, and anything that roughens or damages the lining of a blood vessel (laceration, atherosclerosis, physical trauma).
What are the classes of human blod groups based on?
The self antigens (agglutinogens) the RBCs bear.
What is the probable result from infusion of mismatched blood?
A transfusion reaction in which the RBCs are lysed and hemoglobin enters the blood stream, which may lead to kidney shutdown.
Cary is bleeding profusely after being hit by a truck as he was pedaling his bike home. At the hospital, the nurse asked him whether he knew his blood type. He told her that he "had the same type of blood as most other people." What is his ABO blood type?
O positive.
Which blood types can be infused into a person with type B blood?
Types B and O.
How does fetal hemoglobin differ from that of the adult?
Fetal HbF has a greater ability to bind oxygen and binds it more strongly than adult HbF.
What blood-related disorders are particularily common in the elderly?
Leukemia, pernicious anemia, and clotting disorders are particularly more common in the elderly.
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
An antigen is a substance foreign to the body which activates and is attacked by the immune system. An antibody is a protein released by immune cells that binds with a specific antigen and inactivates it in some way.
What can lead to increased erythrpoiesis?
A chronic bleeding ulcer,reduction in respiratory ventilation, and reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
Sickling of RBCs can be induced in a person with sickle cell anemia by?
Blood loss, vigorous exercise, stress, and fever.
If a child that is diagnosed with sickle cell anemia, this means that?
Both parents carried the sickle cell gene.
Polycythemia vera will result in?
Abnormally high blood viscosity.
Which of the following is not typical of leukeocytes? Ameboid movement ,Phagocytic (some), Nucleated, The most numerous cells in the bloodstream.
Ameboid movement and the most numerous cells in the bloodstream.
The leukeocyte that releases histamine and other inflamatory chemicals is the?
Basophil.
Which of the following formed elements are phagocytic? Erythrocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes.
Neutrophils and monocytes.
A condition resulting from thrombocytopenia is?
Petechiae.
What can cause problems in a transfusion reaction?
Clogging of small vessels by agglutinated clumps of RBCs, Lysis of donated RBCs, Blockage of kidney tubules.
If an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, when can hemolytic disease of the newborn not possibly occur in the child?
If the child is Rh-, or if the father is Rh-.
Plasma without the clotting proteins is called?
Serum.
What is the main function of albumin?
Albumin helps maintain blood's osmotic pressure.
How many erythrocytes are typically in a cubic mm of blood?
5 million red blood cells.
What determines how efficiently erythrocytes carry oxygen?
The amount of hemaglobin molecules.
What are possible causes of anemia?
A lower than normal erythrocyte count; abnormal or deficient hemoglobin content in the erythrocytes.