support, insulate and protect cells
nerualgia
demonstrate irritability and conductivity, and thus transmit electrical messages from one are of the body to another
neuron
releae neurotransmitters
neuron
are mitotic
neruon
ablet o divid: therefore are responsible for most brain neoplasms
neuralgia
nervous system subdivision that is coposed of the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
subdivision of the pns that controls voluntary activities such as the activation of skeltal muscles
somatic nervous system
nervous system subdivision that is composed of the cranial and spinal nerves and ganglia
pns
subdivision of the pns that regulates the activity of the heart and smotth muscle, and of glands: it is also called the involuntary nervous system
autonomic
a major subdivision of he nervous systemthat interprets incoing informatoin and issues orders
cns
a major ubdivision of the nervous system that serves as communication ines, linking al the parts of the boyd to the cns
pns
modified connective tissue
neuroglia
have a 5 to one ratio with neurons
neuroglia
produce myelin sheath on neve fibers
oligodendrocytes
line cavitys of brain and spinal cord
ependymal
1/2 neural tissue 1/2 connective tissue form barrier between cappilaries and neuron
astrocytes
phagocytize
microglial
outermost cell membran of schwann cell containing schwann cell nucleus and cytoplasm
neurilema
inner cell membrans of shwann cells
myelin sheath
funtion in pns regeneration following nerve damage
schwann cells
single nerve cell body and its processes
neruon
enlarged part contains nucleus
neuron cell body
includes dendries and axon
nerve cell fibers
short, branched, and thin, are not myelinated, and are variable in number
dendries
single fiber usually longer than dendrites, distal end may have several branches, contain vessicles
axon
released to extracellular space to structure to simulate pulse
neurotransmitters
tiny gap between communicating neurons
synapse
conducts impulse to synapse
presynaptic neuron
away from synapse cell body in ganglion
postsynaptic neuron
neurotransmitters diffuse across this space and carry ACH message from presynaptic to post synaptic neuron
synaptic cleft
toward CNS from sensory receptor
afferent
away from CNS to muscles or glands in the CNS
efferent
to skeletal muscles
somatic efferent neurons
to smot viceral muscles, to cardiac muscles, and to glands
automic efferent neurtons
small neurons contained totally with in the CNS that ink sensory to motor neurons
association (interneurons)
impulse enters and leaves cell body at same point
unipolar
neuron has two processes, one dendrite and one axon
bipolar
neuron has many dendrite sand on one axon
multipoloar
blood filled spaces between two cranial meningeal layers
dural sinuses
between spinal dural matter and vertebrae
epidural space
middle meningie
arachnoid mater
spanned by threadlike extensions which anchor it to the innermost layer
subarachnoid spae
fingerlike projections that increase surface area contact with blood in dural sinus
arachnoid villie
soft mother
pia mater
very vascular
pia matter
inflammed meninges
menengities
electrolyes, glucose, proteins, some WBC's but RBC's are normally not present
csf normally contains
csf is normally produced by
choroid plexus produces
CO2 CONTENT IS NORMALLY MONITERD BY THIS
MEDULLA
NEURON CELL BODIES, UNMYELINATED FIBERS, AND NEUROGLIA
GRAY MATTER
GRAY MATTER BURIED WITHIN WHITE MATTER OF CNS
NUCLEI
MYELINATED FIBERS WHCIH ARE BUNDLED TOGETEHR INTO TRACTS
WHITE MATTER
COMPOSED OF TWO HEMISPHERES
CEREBRUM
INCREASE SURFACE AREA
CONVOLUTIONS
ELEVATED RIDGES OF TISSUE
GYRI
DEEP GROOVES
FISSURES
SHALLOW GROOVES
SULCI
DEPP, MIDSAGGITAL SEPARAIG HEMISPHERES
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
SEPERATES FRONTAL LOBE FROM PARIETAL LOBE
CENTRAL SULCUS
SUPERATES TEMPORAL LOBE FROM FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES
LATERAL SULCUS
SEPARATES PARIETAL LOBE FROM OCCIPITAL LOBE
PARIET-OCCIPITAL SULCUS
COMPOSED OF NEURON CELL BODIES; UNMYLINATED FIBERS, AND NEUROGLIA
CEREBRAL CORTEX
SOMATIC SENSORY ARE (PAIN, TEMP, PRSSURE)
PARIETAL LOBE
PRIMARY VISUAL AREA
OCCIPITAL LOBE
TEMPORAL LOBE
AUDITORY AND OLFACTORY ARE
CONSCIOUS MOVEMENT OF SKELETAL MUSLCES; ANTERIOR TO CENTRAL SULCUS
PRIMARY MOTOR AREA
SKILLED SKELETAL MUSLCE MOVEMENT
PREMOTOR AREA
EXTREME ANTERIOR REGION
HIGHER INTELLECTUAL REASONING
MOTOR SPEECH ENTER
BROCAS AREA
ANALYZE AND INTERPRET SENSORY EXPERIENCES
ASSOCIATION AREAS
INVOLED WIHT MEMORY, REASONING, VERBALIZING, JUDEGEMENT, AND EMOTIONAL FELLINS
ASSOCIATION AREAS
LARGES FIBER TRAT, CONNECTS THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
CORPUS CALLOSUM
FIBER TRACT INVOLVED IN YOUR SENCE OF SMELL
FORNIX
MODIFY'S INSTRUCTIONS SENT TO THE SKELETAL MUSCLES BY THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
BASAL NUCLEI
RELAY STATION FOR INCOMING SENSORY INFORMATON EXLUDING SMELL
THALAMUS
CRUDE RECOGNITION FOR SENSES
THALAMUS
PART OF LIMBIC SYSTE, CONTAINS THIRST, APPETITE, SEX, PAIN, AND PLEASURE CENTERS
HYPOTHALAMUS
PRODUCES OXYTOCIN, AND ADH
HYPOTHALAMUS
KNOT OF CAPPILLARIES IN VENTRICLE
CHOROID PLEXUS
PART OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PINEAL BODY
SMALL PART OF BRAINSTEM
MIDBRAIN
COMPOSED OF CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES ANTERIORLY
MIDBRAIN
CONVEY ASCENDIG AND DESCENDING IMPULSES
MIDBRAIN: CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES
FOUR ROUNDED PROTURSIONS WITH REFLEX CENTERS INVOLVING VISION AND HEARING
CORPORA QUADRIGEINA
FIBER TRACT AREA, INVOLVED IN BREATHING
PONS
REGULATION OF VITAL VICERAL ACTIVITES: CENTERS THAT CONTROL HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, BREATING, SWALLOWING, AND VOMITING
MEDULLA OBLONGOTA
INVOLVED IN CONSCNESS AND AWAY/SLEEP CYCLES
RETICULAR FORMATOIN
ATTACH CEREBELLUM TO BRAIN STEM
CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES
CARRIES INFORMATION IN THE ASCENDING AND DECENDING TRACTS, INEGRATING CENTER FOR REFLEX ACTS
SPINAL CORD
CONTAINS MOTOR AND ASSOCIATION NEURON CELL BODIES
SPINAL CORD GREY MATTER
ENLARGEMENT CALLED DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CONTAINS SENSORY NEURON CELL BODIES
POSTERIOR ROOT IN THE SPINAL CORD
CONTAINS MOTOR NEURON AXONS
ANTERIOR ROOT IN THE SPINAL CORD
MYELINATED TRACTS SURROUNDING GRAY AREA
WHITE MATTER OF THE SPINAL CORD
SHALLOW GROOVE ALONG BACK
POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS
DEEP GROOVE ON FRONT OF ENTIRE LENGTH
ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE
UNCONSCIOUS AUTOMATIC NERVOUS RESPONSES TO INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL HANGE: RAPID, OFTEN IN RESPONSE TO THREAT
REFLEX
SHORTES PATH ELECTRICAL IMPULSES CAN TAKE TO CAUSE A RELFEX ACTION
REFLEX ARC
THEESE REACT TO STIMULUS
RECEPTOR, AND SENSORY NEURON
USUALLY AT LEAST ONE INVOLVED
ASSOCIATION NEURON
WORK ON STIMULUS
MOTOR NEURON, AND EFFECTOR
MUSCLE OR GLAND THAT RESPONDES
EFECTOR
BUNDLES OF NEURON FIBERS FOUND OTUSIDE OF THE CNS
NERVES
SURROUNDS EACH FIBER IN PNS
ENDONEURIUM
SURROUNDS LARGE GROUPS FO FIBERS FORMING FASCICLES
PERINUERIUM
BINDS ALL THE FASCICLES TOGETHER TO FORM THE CORDLIKE NERVE
EPINEURIUM
TOUGH FIBEROUS SHEATH
EPINEURIUM
12 PAIRS OF THEESE
CRANIAL NEVES
SENSORY NERVE
I OR OLFACTORY
SENSORY NERVE FOR SIGHT
II OR OPTIC
MIXED
V OR TRIGEMINAL
MIXED FIBERS FROM MEDULLA TO THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL CAVITY
X OR VAGUS
PRIMARILY SERVE THE HEAD AND NECK
CRANIAL NERVES
31 PAIRS OF THEESE
SPINAL NERVES
MADE UP OF MOTOR NEURON
ANTERIOR VENTRAL ROOT
FORMED BY SENSORY NEURON CELL BODIES (GANGLIA) AND AXONS
POSTERIOR DORSAL ROOT
INFLAMATION OF POSTERIOR ROOT GANGLIA
SHINGLES OR HERPES ZOSTER
OPENING IN VERTEBRAE WHERE SPINAL NERVES LEAVE THROUGH
INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA
COMPLEX NETWORK OR BRAIDS OF NERVES CALLED A
PLEXUSES
EACH SPINAL NERVE SPLITS INTO BRANCHES CALLED THEESE
RAMI
MORE POSITIVE IONS ON OUTSIDE OF NEURON CELL MEMBRAN THAN INSIDE
POLARIZED
OUTSIDE OF MEMBRAN BECOMES LESS POSITIVE
DEPOLARIZED
MEMBRAN OF A CONDUCTING NEURON
DEPOLARIZED
CHANGING POLARIZED MEMBRANE TO DEPOLARIZED
CONDUCTION
POTASIUM IONS DIFuse OUT, FLOW OF IONS RESTORES ELECTRIC AT MEMBRAN TO POLARIZE
RESTING POTENTIAL
POLARIZED MEMBRANE OF A NONCONDUCTING NEURON
RESTING POTENETIAL
ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISM
SODIUM PUMP
NEGATIVE PROTEINS ARE ALWAYS INSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE
RESTING POTENTIAL
ALSO A NERVE IMPULSE
ACTION POTENTIAL
CELL MEMBRANES DEPOLARIZE
ACTION POTENTIAL
SODIUM PUMP SHUTS DOWN WHICH CHANGES MEMBRANE PREMEABLITIY
ACTION POTENTIAL
SODIUM RUSHES INWARD
ACTION POTENTIAL
ALSO CALLED NERVE IMPULSE OR IMPLULSE CONDUCTION
ACTION POTENTIAL
POTASIUM DIFFUSES OUTWARD REESTABLISHING THE POLARIZATOIN OF THE MEMBRANE
REPOLARIZATION
PERMITS SEVERAL IMPULSES TO BE CONDUCTED WITHIN A SHORT TIME PERIOD
REPOLARIZATION
LARGER FIBER DIAMETER MEANS
FASTER IMPULSE
THINNER MYELIN MEANS
SLOWER IMPULSE
LONGER DISTANCE BETWEEN NODES MEANS
FATSER IMPULSE
ONLY ONE RELEASED AT NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION
ACETYLCHOLINE
FAST TYPE OF IMPULSE
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
FATTY MYELIN SHEATH PREVENTS THIS FROM HAPPENING
DEPOLARIZATION
THEESE FIBERS MUST CONDUCT IMPULSE OVER THE ENTIRE SURFACE OF CELL
UNMYELINATED FIBERS