axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, bony thorax
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and girdles
functions of the bone
support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation
things stored by the bones
fat, calcium, phosphorous
compact bone
dense, smooth looking bone
spongy bone
bone composed of small, needlelike pieces; lots of space
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
epiphyses
ends of long bone
periosteum
connective tissue membrane surrounding diaphysis
epiphyseal line
in adults; remnant of epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage in young, growing bone
osteocytes
mature bone cells
projections/processes
markings that grow out from the bone surface
depressions/cavities
markings that are indentations in the bone
ossification
process of bone formation
ostoblasts
bone-forming cells
appositional growth
diameter bone growth
PTH
hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels
osteoclasts
bone-destroying cells
two factors responsible for for bone remodeling
calcium levels; pull of gravity and muscles
reduction
realignment of broken bone ends
first step of bone fracture repair
hematoma is formed
second step of bone fracture repair
break is splinted by fibrocartilage
third step of bone fracture repair
bony callus is formed
fourth step of bone fracture repair
bone remodeling occurs
hyoid bone
only bone that does not directly come in contact with other bones
mandible
only bone with a movable joint in the face
fontanels
fibrous membrane connecting cranial bones in fetuses
articular cartilage
covers ends of long bones; decreases friction
collagen fibers
provides flexibility and strength
open fracture
bone fracture that breaks through the skin
closed fracture
bone fracture that does not break through the skin
comminuted fracture
bone breaks into many fragments
compression
bone is crushed
depressed
bone is pressed inward
impacted
broken bone ends are forced into each other
spiral
break that occurs from excessive twisting
greenstick
incomplete break
suture
immovable joint in the cranium
sagittal suture
connects two parietal bones together
sella turcica
depression in sphenoid bone that holds pituitary gland
foramen magnum
large opening in occipital bone that allows spinal cord to attach to brain
lacrimal bone
allows tears to travel down
zygomatic bone
cheek bone
7
number of bones that make up the cervical vertebrae
12
number of bones that make up the thoracic vertebrae
5
number of bones that make up the lumbar vertebrae
invertebral discs
pads of flexible fibrocartilage that cushion between vertebrae
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
atlas
C1 bone; allows one to nod
axis
C2 bone; allows one to pivot neck
coccyx
tailbone
bones that make up the sternum
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
true ribs
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
false ribs
last 5 pairs of ribs; attach indirectly to sternum
floating ribs
last two pairs of ribs; do not attach to sternum
shoulder girdle
clavicle and scapula
glenoid cavity
socket in scapular that receives head of humerus
factors that allow free movement of upper limb
shoulder girdle attached at ONLY one point; loose attachment of scapula allows it to slide back and forth; shallow glenoid cavity with loose ligaments
capitulum
ball-like head of humerus
interosseous membrane
flexible membrane connecting radius and ulna & tibia and fibula
carpal bones
bones of the wrist
metacarpals
bones of the palm
pelvic girdle
two coxal bones (aka hip bones)
ilia
large, flaring bone portion of hip bones
ischium
most inferior part of hip bone; the "sit down" bone
pubis
most anterior part of hip bone
acetabulum
point of fusion of ilia, ischium and pubis; receives head of femur
false pelvis
superior to true pelvis
true pelvis
surrounded by bone and lies inferior to flaring parts of the ilia; passage for infant at birth in women
femur
thigh bone
patellar surface
smooth area where patella rests to form knee cap
tibia
shinbone
tarsus
posterior half of foot
calcaneus
heelbone
talus
ankle
metatarsals
sole of the foot
foot arch
ligaments and tendons hold bones in foot together providing springiness
functions of joints
hold bones together; give mobility
synarthroses
immovable joint
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints
diarthroses
freely movable joints
functional classification of joints
synarthroses; amphiarthroses; diarthroses
structural classification of joints
fibrous; cartilaginous; synovial
fibrous joints
united by fibrous tissue; i.e. sutures
cartilaginous joints
bone ends connected by cartilage; i.e. intervertebral joints
synovial joints
bone ends separated by joint cavity w/synovial fluid; i.e knee
features of synovial joints
articular cartilage; fibrous articular capsule; joint cavity; reinforcing ligaments
bursae
flattened fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membrane, contains synovial fluid; common where things rub together
tendon sheath
elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
plane joint
short slipping or gliding movements; i.e. carpals
hinge joint
angular movement allowed in one plane; i.e. elbow
pivot joint
rotating bone turns around an axis; i.e. connection between radius/ulna and humerus
ball and socket joint
spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another; i.e. shoulder
types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, ball-and-socket (condyloid and saddle)