The renal arteries deliver the components of urine to the kidney; the urine formed there is carried to the outside by the ureters. Are these two statements true or false?
Both statements are true.
Both statements are false.
The first statement is false; t
The first statement is true; the second is false
The kidney does all of these except __________.
The kidney does all of these except __________.
secreting excess albumin
helping stabilize blood pH
regulating plasma electrolytes
regulating blood volume
secreting excess albumin
Which of these organs is not part of the urinary system?
Which of these organs is not part of the urinary system?
urinary bladder
ureter
vagina
urethra
vagina
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum?
Which of the following is NOT associated with the renal hilum?
Ureter
Renal artery
Renal nerves
Urethra
Urethra
The urethra drains urine from the __, not from the kidney.
urinary bladder
The step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is __________.
The step in kidney function where fluid is forced out of the blood is __________.
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
from PCT to DCT
from glomerular capsule to PCT
from a
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
__provide structural reinforcement of capillary walls without impeding the flow of filtrate.
Podocytes
The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney were the ureter exits is called the __________.
The medial indentation on the exterior of the kidney were the ureter exits is called the __________.
calyx
pelvis
pyramid
hilum
hilum
The ___ receives fluid from multiple nephrons, so it is not part of a single nephron.
collecting duct
Blood is supplied to a nephron by its __________.
efferent arterioles
afferent arterioles
renal arteries
cortical radial arteries
afferent arterioles
The urinary filtrate first enters __________.
collecting tubule
renal papilla
proximal convoluted tubule
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
the glomerular (Bowman) capsule
Urine flows first from the papilla to the _________.
Urine flows first from the papilla to the _________.
renal pelvis
minor calyces
major calyces
urethra
minor calyces
which is not considered part of a nephron?
a. glomerulus
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. loop of Henle
d. collecting duct
d. collecting duct
Which section of the nephron performs MOST of the glucose and water reabsorption?
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
proximal convoluted tubule
Which section of the nephron filters blood plasma?
proximal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
distal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
renal corpuscle
True or false? The nephron loop does NOT do any secretion.
True
False
true
Which of the following structures consist of specialized cells that secrete renin when glomerular blood pressure falls?
glomerular capsule
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
juxtaglomerular complex
juxtaglomerular complex
Which section of the renal tubules is connected to the glomerular capsule?
nephron loop
collecting duct
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
Of what type of epithelium is the outer capsular epithelium of the glomerular capsule made?
simple columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
transitional epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
simple squamous epithelium
One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.
glucose
urea
creatinine
uric acid
glucose
where does reabsorption of organic substrates occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure; this will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?
The first is true; the second is false.
Both statements
Both statements are true.
Which of these effects is not produced by sympathetic activation?
vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole
increased glomerular filtration rate
renin release
altered regional blood flow
increased glomerular filtration rate
Which of the choices below best describes the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
the blood pressure within the glomerulus
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
the volume of blood flowing through the glomerular capillaries per minute
the
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
Which of the following best describes the passive force that creates filtrate?
autonomic regulation
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
vasoconstriction
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)
What is the primary regulatory mechanism that maintains glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
natriuretic peptides
autonomic regulation
autoregulation
renin-angiotensin system
autoregulation
Which of the following GFR-regulating mechanisms is initiated by cells of the juxtaglomerular complex?
autonomic regulation
renin-angiotensin system
myogenic mechanism
natriuretic peptides
renin-angiotensin system
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?
systemic arterioles
afferent arterioles
efferent arterioles
glomerulus
afferent arterioles
In the event of a severe increase in systemic blood pressure, what mechanism would increase GFR?
increased autonomic stimulation of afferent arterioles
dilation of efferent arterioles
constriction of afferent arterioles due to myogenic mechanism
release o
release of ANP and BNP
What enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular complex to regulate GFR?
angiotensin I
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
angiotensin II
renin
renin
the___ pressure of blood forces fluid out of the glomerular capillaries.
hydrostatic
Which of the choices below best describes the autonomic mechanism for regulating GFR?
Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.
Sympathetic fibers initiate the myogenic response to decrease the GFR.
Sympathetic fibers trigger release
Sympathetic fibers override local controls to decrease the GFR.
The main force(s) opposing glomerular filtration is (are) __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
water and small solutes
blood cells and large particles
nitrogenous waste particles, such as urea
ions, such as sodium and potassium
blood cells and large particles
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
gravity
colloid osmotic pressure of blood
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
creatinine
chloride
glucose
protein
protein
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
net filtration would decrease
net filtration would not be altered
net filtration would increase
net filtration would decrease
Yes, because osmotic pressure opposes filtration, increasing ___would decrease net filtration.
osmotic pressure
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
35 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
60 mm Hg
25 mm Hg
Yes, 60 - (25 + 10) = 25 mm Hg. The two pressures that oppose filtration must be subtracted from the force favoring filtration.
...
The macula densa forms part of the __________.
juxtaglomerular complex
nephron loop
filtration membrane
glomerular capsule
juxtaglomerular complex
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes __________.
an increase in both urine volume and solute concentration
a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration
an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentration
a decrease in both
a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentration
__stimulates the reabsorption of water from renal tubules, so blocking ADH would cause more water to be lost from the body.
ADH
What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb?
What triggers the movement of water out of the descending limb?
Ions are actively transported out of the descending limb, and water follows.
Water is actively transported by cells of the desc
Ions are transported out of the ascending limb, and the resulting concentration gradient in the peritubular fluid pulls water out of the descending limb.
Sodium and chloride ions are actively transported by cells of the ascending limb and influence the concentration gradient of the nearby descending limb.
...
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?
cortisone
ADH
aldosterone
epinephrine
aldosterone
Which of these statements about the detrusor muscle is false?
It is innervated by parasympathetic nerves.
It is composed of smooth muscle.
It contracts the wall of the urinary bladder.
It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.
It moves urine through the urethra by peristalsis.
Which of these is not an aspect of the micturition reflex arc?
The effector is the detrusor muscle.
It involves sympathetic nervous system function.
It is stimulated by mechanoreceptors.
CNS processing occurs in the sacral cord.
It involves sympathetic nervous system function.
The ureters extend from the __________.
minor calyces to the major calyces
urinary bladder to the urethra
renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
nephrons to the renal pelvis
renal pelvis to the urinary bladder
The spinal cord above the sacral region carries impulses that provide sensory awareness of bladder fullness, but also voluntary control of the external urethral sphincter. Loss of this motor pathway will cause the bladder to empty whenever it fills. ( Uri
...
With advancing years, the urinary system develops all of these problems except __________.
a decrease in GFR
increased frequency of infection
increased sensitivity to ADH
urinary retention
increased sensitivity to ADH
Which of these age-related changes most increases the risk of dehydration?
weak micturition reflex
weak sphincter tone
reduced glomerular filtration
decreased sensitivity to ADH
decreased sensitivity to ADH
which of these changes is least likely as people age?
a. loss of sphincter tone
b. loss of functional nephrons
c. increased sensitivity to aldosterone
d. detrusor muscle weakness
c. increased sensitivity to aldosterone