The pituitary gland
A) develops from the floor of the brain.
B) develops from the roof of the mouth.
C) is stimulated by neurohormones produced in the midbrain.
D) secretes only three major hormones.
E) both a and b.
E) both a and b.
- develops from the floor of the brain.
- develops from the roof of the mouth.
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system
A) contains one capillary bed.
B) carries hormones from the anterior pituitary to the body.
C) carries hormones from the posterior pituitary to the body.
D) carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pi
D) carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.
Which of these hormones is not a hormone that is secreted into the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?
A) GHRH
B) TRH
C) PIH
D) GnRH
E) ACTH
E) ACTH
Hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary
A) are produced in the anterior pituitary.
B) are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons.
C) include GH and TSH.
D) are steroids.
E) all of the above.
B) are transported to the posterior pituitary within axons.
Which of these stimulates the secretion of ADH?
A) elevated blood osmolality
B) decreased blood osmolality
C) releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
D) ACTH
E) increased blood pressure
A) elevated blood osmolality
Oxytocin is responsible for
A) preventing milk release from the mammary glands.
B) preventing goiter.
C) causing contraction of the uterus.
D) maintaining normal calcium levels.
E) increasing metabolic rate.
C) causing contraction of the uterus.
Growth hormone
A) increases the usage of glucose.
B) increases the breakdown of lipids.
C) decreases the synthesis of proteins.
D) decreases the synthesis of glycogen.
E) all of the above.
B) increases the breakdown of lipids.
Which of these hormones stimulates somatomedin secretion?
A) FSH
B) GH
C) LH
D) Prolactin
E) TS
B) GH
Hypersecretion of growth hormone
A) results in giantism if it occurs in children.
B) causes acromegaly in adults.
C) increases the probability that one will develop diabetes.
D) can lead to severe atherosclerosis.
E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
- results in giantism if it occurs in children.
- causes acromegaly in adults.
- increases the probability that one will develop diabetes.
- can lead to severe atherosclerosis.
LH and FSH
A) are produced in the hypothalamus.
B) production is increased by TSH.
C) promote the production of gametes and reproductive hormones.
D) inhibit the production of prolactin.
E) all of the above.
C) promote the production of gametes and reproductive hormones.
T3 and T4
A) require iodine for their production.
B) are made from the amino acid tyrosine.
C) are transported in the blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin.
D) all of the above
D) all of the above
- require iodine for their production.
- are made from the amino acid tyrosine.
- are transported in the blood bound to thyroxine-binding globulin.
Which of these symptoms is associated with hyposecretion of the thyroid gland?
A) hypertension
B) nervousness
C) diarrhea
D) weight loss with a normal or increased food intake
E) decreased metabolic rate
E) decreased metabolic rate
Which of these conditions most likely occurs if a healthy person receives an injection of T3 and T4?
A) The secretion rate of TSH declines.
B) The person develops symptoms of hypothyroidism.
C) The person develops hypercalcemia.
D) The person secretes mor
A) The secretion rate of TSH declines.
Which of these occurs as a response to a thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland)?
A) increased calcitonin secretion
B) increased T3 and T4 secretion
C) decreased TRH secretion
D) increased TSH secretion
D) increased TSH secretion
Choose the statement that most accurately predicts the long-term effect of a substance that prevents active transport of iodide by the thyroid gland.
A) Large amounts of T3 and T4 accumulate within the thyroid follicles, but little is released.
B) The per
B) The person exhibits hypothyroidism.
Calcitonin
A) is secreted by the parathyroid glands.
B) levels increase when blood calcium levels decrease.
C) causes blood calcium levels to decrease.
D) insufficiency results in weak bones and tetany
C) causes blood calcium levels to decrease.
Parathyroid hormone secretion increases in response to
A) a decrease in blood calcium levels.
B) increased production of parathyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.
C) increased secretion of parathyroid-releasing hormone from the hypothal
A) a decrease in blood calcium levels.
If parathyroid hormone levels increase, which of these conditions is expected?
A) Osteoclast activity is increased.
B) Calcium absorption from the small intestine is inhibited.
C) Calcium reabsorption from the urine is inhibited.
D) Less active vitamin D
A) Osteoclast activity is increased.
The adrenal medulla
A) produces steroids.
B) has cortisol as its major secretory product.
C) decreases its secretions during exercise.
D) is formed from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
E) all of the above.
D) is formed from a modified portion of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
Pheochromocytoma is a condition in which a benign tumor results in hypersecretion of the adrenal medulla. The symptoms that one would expect include
A) hypotension.
B) bradycardia.
C) pallor (decreased blood flow to the skin).
D) lethargy.
E) hypoglycemia
C) pallor (decreased blood flow to the skin).
Which of these is not a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A) aldosterone
B) androgens
C) cortisol
D) epinephrine
D) epinephrine
If aldosterone secretions increase
A) blood potassium levels increase.
B) blood hydrogen levels increase.
C) acidosis results.
D) blood sodium levels decrease.
E) blood volume increases
E) blood volume increases
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
A) increase the breakdown of fats.
B) increase the breakdown of proteins.
C) increase blood glucose levels.
D) decrease inflammation.
E) all of the above.
E) all of the above.
- increase the breakdown of fats.
- increase the breakdown of proteins.
- increase blood glucose levels.
- decrease inflammation.
The release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex is regulated by other hormones. Which of these hormones is correctly matched with its origin and function?
A) CRH�secreted by the hypothalamus; stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
B) CRH�secret
D) ACTH�secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
Which of these would be expected in Cushing's syndrome?
A) loss of hair in women
B) deposition of fat in the face, neck, and abdomen
C) low blood glucose
D) low blood pressure
E) all of the above
B) deposition of fat in the face, neck, and abdomen
Within the pancreas, the pancreatic islets produce
A) insulin.
B) glucagon.
C) digestive enzymes.
D) both a and b.
E) all of the above
D) both a and b.
A) insulin.
B) glucagon
Insulin increases
A) the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.
B) the breakdown of protein.
C) the breakdown of fats.
D) glycogen breakdown in the liver.
E) all of the above
A) the uptake of glucose by its target tissues.
Which of these tissues is least affected by insulin?
A) adipose tissue
B) heart
C) skeletal muscle
D) brain
E) liver
D) brain
Glucagon
A) primarily affects the liver.
B) causes glycogen to be stored.
C) causes blood glucose levels to decrease.
D) decreases fat metabolism.
E) all of the above
A) primarily affects the liver.
When blood glucose levels increase, the secretion of which of these hormones increases?
A) glucagon
B) insulin
C) GH
D) cortisol
E) epinephrine
B) insulin
If a person who has diabetes mellitus forgot to take an insulin injection, symptoms that may soon appear include
A) acidosis.
B) hyperglycemia.
C) increased urine production.
D) lethargy and fatigue.
E) all of the above
E) all of the above
- acidosis.
- hyperglycemia.
- increased urine production.
- lethargy and fatigue.
Which of these is not a hormone produced by the ovaries?
A) estrogen
B) progesterone
C) prolactin
D) inhibin
E) relaxin
C) prolactin
Melatonin
A) is produced by the posterior pituitary.
B) production increases as day length increases.
C) inhibits the development of the reproductive system.
D) increases GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus.
E) decreases the tendency to sleep
C) inhibits the development of the reproductive system.
Which of these substances, produced by many tissues of the body, can promote inflammation, pain, and vasodilation of blood vessels?
A) endorphin
B) enkephalin
C) thymosin
D) epidermal growth factor
E) prostaglandin
E) prostaglandin
Which of the changes listed does not decrease with aging of the endocrine system?
A) GH secretion
B) melatonin secretion
C) thyroid hormone secretion
D) parathyroid hormone secretion
E) renin secretion by the kidney
D) parathyroid hormone secretion