excretion
removal of metabolic wastes (wastes produced by cells) such as salts, urea, water, and carbon dioxide
deamination
process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein in the liver (occurs in the liver)
nitrogenous waste
metabolic wastes that contain nitrogen and are produced from the breakdown of amino acids
ammonia, uric acid, and urea
what are the types of nitrogenous wastes?
ammonia
very toxic, has to be diluted thoroughly. fish and aquatic elements breathe it. very small amounts in the liver
uric acid
least toxic nitrogenous waste
urea
medium toxic nitrogenous waste. found in sweat and urine. this is the main nitrogenous waste
kidneys
located toward the back. you can survive with just one. filter the blood of unwanted substances such as salt, toxins, and urea. maintain the water balance throughout the body. maintain blood pressure by releasing renin. regulated red blood cell production
renin
released by the kidneys, an enzyme that activate angiotensin which causes blood vessels to constrict
renal capsule
membrane that encloses the kidney
adipose capsule
protective layer of fat around each kidney
renal cortex
outer layer of the kidney
renal medulla
inner region of the kidney that contains the structures necessary for kidney function
renal artery
where does the abdominal aorta bring blood to
back to the kidneys and subdivides into smaller blood vessels leading into the nephrons
where does the renal artery bring the blood
back to the heart through the inferior vena cava
the renal vein brings blood
nephron
main filtering unit of the kidney where urine is formed
glomerulus
cluster of capillaries that bring blood to the kidney
afferent arteriole
supplies the glomerulus with blood
efferent arteriole
carries blood from the glomerulus
abdominal aorta to the renal artery to the afferent arteriole to the glomerulus to the efferent arteriole to the capillaries to the renal vein to the inferior vena cava and to the heart
what is the blood flow
bowman's capsule
where filtration takes place
proximal convoluted tubule
leads from the bowman's capsule
loop of henle
made up of ascending and descending limbs
distal convoluted tubule
empties into the collecting duct which is the last part
glomerular filtration
solutes diffuse out of the glomerulus into bowman's capsule
glomerular filtrate
the fluid that enters into bowman's capsule and enters the nephron
urea (after amino acids), water, salts, amino acids, glucose, and drugs
what does glomerular filtrate contain
tubular reabsorption
important molecules and ions that the body wants to hold onto are reabsorbed into the capillaries including glucose, amino acids, water, and salts
180 L, and 1 to 1.5
how many liters does the kidney filter per day, and how many is in urine
reabsorption of water by osmosis
nacl reabsorption allows for
tubular secretion
substances are removed from the blood by active transport.
into the nephron
where do potassium ions move
actively transported in order to maintain the pH of body fluids
how are hydrogen ions transported
reabsorption of water
water is moved through the process of osmosis which is dependent on salt concentration. it occurs within the loop of henle and in the collecting duct. adh allows for water reabsorption into the blood from the collecting tubule
reabsorption of electrolytes
helps control blood composition including sodium and potassium
regulation of these electrolytes helps maintain many important body processes such as nerve function
bicarbonate ions help regulate blood pH
refer to notes
renin angiotensin pathway
a portion of the renal tubule
the juxtaglomerular apparatus is _____
renin will be secreted
when the juxtaglomerular apparatus receives a message that blood pressure has dropped
liver, angiotensinogen, into angioetensin 1, angiotensin II
renin travels to the _____, where is converts a protein called angiotensinogen into _______ which is then quickly converted into _____
constricting the blood vessels, stimulating adh to increase water reabsorption, stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus which will initiate individuals to increase fluid intake
angiotensin II increases blood pressure by
ureters
two slender muscular tubes that extend from the kidneys down to and through the urinary bladder
a full bladder compresses the ureter and prevents the backflow of urine
the ureter consists of epithelial cells, involuntary muscle, and fibrous connective tis
urinary bladder
temporary storage of urine
consists of transitional epithelium (allows for expansion)
urethra
tube that extends from the bladder to the outside
it is much shorter in females than in males
two muscular sphincters (internal urethral sphincter and external urethra sphincter) control urination
urination
as the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors in its walls send impulses to the center of the spinal cord
motor impulses from this center stimulate contraction of the bladder wall, forcing urine outward
micturition
act of passing urine
as the bladder fills, this reflex occurs (though it is under voluntary control)
urine composition
nitrogenous wastes (urea)
electrolytes (NaCl, sulfates, phosphates),
pigment (yellow from bile compounds, but should be diluted)
and water
abnormal components of urine
glucose (a result of diabetes)
albumin (protein as a result of a kidney disorder)
blood (known as hematuria- a result of kidney disease, UTI)
wbc (usually a result of infection)
polycystic kidney disease
cysts from within the kidney tissue and gradually destroy normal kidney tissue
it an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that may end in kidney failure
hemodialysis is a common treatment
nephritis
inflammation of the kidney
may be caused by bacteria
fluid builds up in the kidney tissue blocking the function of nephrons
treated with antibiotics
glomerularnephritis
umbrella term for a large variety of kidney disorders
most common kidney disorder
inflammation of the glomeruli which will prevent the proper filtering of the blood
caused by infection, immune disorder, high blood pressure, and diabetes
renal failure
sudden serious decrease in kidney function
may become chronic and destroy nephrons
symptoms include dehydration, edema, electrolyte imbalance, anemia, and uremia
edema
when adequate water can't be emitted, and it causes a build up of fluid.
lumps in legs
anemia
kidneys don't function properly, no epo, no red blood cells
uremia
build up of excess nitrogenous wastes in the blood
kidney stones
collection of sold material that may block kidneys and ureters.
treated with ultrasonic sound waves
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
much more common in women then in men because of shorter urethra
commonly known as a bladder infection
classified as a UTI
treated with antibiotics
UTI
urinary tract infection
urinary incontinence
involuntary loss of urine
may be caused by neurological disorders, trauma to the spinal cord, medication, or weakness in pelvic flour muscles such as during labor
treated with catheter