water
universal solvent, transport of materials throughout the body, body temp, parts of blood, urine, saliva.
minerals
inorganic substances necessary for metabolic activities "salts
vitamins
organic substances necessary for life- ex: A, B, C, D, E, K- Function as coenzymes- assisting protein enzymes do their work
carbohydrates
needed foe quick energy- fuel for cells- involved in cellular respiration
lipids
fats- longlasting fuel, cell membranes, steroid hormones
proteins
necessary for growth, repair, renzymes, the basic unit is amino acids not used for energy except in emergencies- 8 essential amino acids not manufactured by body-must be eaten in protein
mouth
begins starch digestion. also tasting, chewing, reducing physically the size of food
salivary (parotid ) glands
release salaiva containing amylase- reduces polysaccharides>>>disaccharides in mouth
pharynx
area at back of throat, common to respiration and digestion
esophagus
after swalling, food enters tube- 9 inches long. carries food to stomach in 4-8 seconds. peristaltic action pushes food along tube and throughout remaining digestive ststem. cardiac sphincter valve enters stomach. NO ENZYMES HERE
stomach
cardiac valve- entrance to this. begins protein digestion with action of pepsin which digests proteins >>> polypeptides
HCL
kills the bacteria in food and breaks apart food matter into chyme along with peristaltic activity of stomach, pyloric sphinctor-muscles valve at end of stomach leads to small intenstine
small intenstine
completes the chemical digestion of all foods (in duodenum region). food is moves along this by peristalsis. enzymes from pancreas, liver, gall bladder and small intestine responsible for this process
jejunum
second region of small intestine
ilium
third region of small intenstine
jejunum and ilium
contain villi- increase surface area of small intestine allowing the absorption of food to the bloodstream
villi
contain capillaries through which glucose and amino acids enter blood, which the nenters the portal vein and goes to the liver.
lymph vesssels
cary fatty acids and glycerol through the lymph system to the liver. all nutrients are processed by the liver first and then sent to various regions of the body.
ileocecal valve
exit of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine
appendix
a small outgrowth of the colon generally useless for humans when enlarged ecuase of the bacteria, becomes infected
large intestine (colon)
eliminates undigestible wastes. absorbs water and sodium back into the body. diarrhea, constipation, special good e. coli bacteria produce vitamin K in the large intestine. Exit of feces through the rectum and out the anus. NO ENZYMES HERE
accessory organs send what to where?
send enzymes to the duodenum region of the small intestine to complete digestion
liver
accessory gland that makes ble which is sent to the gall bladder for storage. also puts molecules into storage form. converts glucose to glycogen for storage, fatty acids and glycerol to fats needed, such as cholestrol, cell membranes amino acids are conv
bile
passes from gall bladder to duodenum of small intestine where it then emulsifies large fat molecules to small fat molecules
pancreas
accessory gland that sends a variety of enzymes to the duodenum of the small intestine where they act on food.
what does trypsin act on
dipeptides>>>amino acids
what does amylase act on
disaccharides>>> monosaccharides (glucose)
what does lipase act on
small fat>>>fatty acids and glycerol
true/false
no food passes through the liver, gall bladder or pancreas
ulcers
sore anywhere in body
anorexia
morbid fear of weight gain
bulimia
alternate binge/purge leads to kidney damage, heart disease, death