We study ___________ to love and appreciate it and to understand cultures and times
dance history
Fleeting and perishable
ephemeral
What makes dance difficult to study?
Dance being ephemeral
What are the tools of dance historians?
1. written accounts of observers
2. written accounts of participants
3. descriptive artwork of paintings, vases etc
4. oral history
5. dance notation
Feuillet did notations of ballroom dances
dance notation`
Who translated Feuillet's dance notation?
Weaver in 1700/1706
Russian Ballet notation from Vladimir Stepanova
Sergeyev Collection
Recording and analyzing human movements that was derived from the work of Rudolf Laban who described it in Shrifttanz (written in dance) in 1928
Laban/Labanotation
Can also understand past dances and movement through _______ and __________ tradition
art and oral (people would write about it also)
Written study of dancing
orchesography
before written documentation
primeval
Purposes of dance?
- to please the gods: religious, spiritual
- to please ourselves: social
- to please others: theatrical, entertainment
Usually associated with religion and spirituality, contemplative in character
asian dance
Hindus believed the world was created by dancing god Shiva
India
created complex dances using many body parts, spiritual in nature
india
blend dance with other art forms like singing (composite theatrical form)
japan
restrained
noh
kabuki
lively
combine dance, acting, singing, jugging, acrobatics
china
order of western civilization
egypt --> crete --> athens --> rome
all women dancing in first pic
greece
_______ create gods to be symbols of elements of their lives
greeks
Dance is important in ___________, ______________, and _________________
religion
education
theatre
Greek dance was most influential to the __________________ which was divinely inspired
western world
Movements of dance and movements of universe reflected in choreography from __________
Plato
muse of dance/the arts is terpsichore
muses
- none of nine muses
- protects the arts
- muse of dance
Terpsichore
- author of Theogony, an explanation of the gods
- praises muses who "dance on soft feet about the deep blue spring" on "the great and holy mount of Helicon
Heisod
Examples of muses
- dance on mount helicon with 3 graces and himerus (spirit of desire)
- Heisod: auhor of theogony, explanation of the gods-praises muses who dance on soft feet of helicon
who was the chief god?
apollo (light, day intellect)
art known for serene majesty and formal balance
Apollonian
god of fertility and wine and dance
Dionysus
has power induced merriment and wildness
dionysus
art known for unrestrained emotion and ecstasy
Dionysian
all part of religious ceremonies as cultivated amateurs and well-rounded citizens
music, poetry and dance (greece)
professional dance was ___________
discouraged
Combined dance music and poetry like hip hop (all people expected to do it)
chironomia
in chironomia movement is connected to ________
words
religious and social dance
Crete
Made up of male war dances with weapons and shouting, harvest and cult dances, and mycinea
crete
greeks conquered crete, stole dances
mycinea
Greeks concerned about people on hills breaking out into made dance-greeks didnt like that so they all got invited to do circles in the town
Mycinea
effort to control wild Dionysus dances
Dithyramb
Incorporated into ritual festivals as choric song and dance, accompanied by flute (type of dance)
Dithyramb
Dithyramb leader who assigned a role to a dancer (first "actor")
Thespis
Had contests
Dithyramb
Fights based on movements of soldier
Pyrrhic
Developed over time to become less martial
Pyrrhic
Types of ancient greek dance?
martial, tragedy, comedy, symposium
Grabbed culture and religion from all the places they were conquering
Rome
Program introduced by a plot summary
Pantomime
accompanied by singers and musicians and sometimes became lewd and violent
pantomime
christian church sought to limit dance in response to the wildness
- dance is, to this day, less prevalent in christianity than most other religions
pantomime
What is considered the middle age?
476 CE-14th century
between fall of roman empire and renaissance
what started in the middle ages?
bubonic plague across europe and dance of death
skeleton leads mortals to grave
death comes for everyone
allegorical subject of artists
____________ danced for entertainment at festivals: were grouped based on occupation
guilds
___________ danced in the castles (Bal des Ardents)
Nobles
12th- 14th century, later became morris dance in England
Moresca dance
low dance" not very energetic
basse dance
princes of squabbling states host court life with elaborate dances
Italian court dance
first dancing masters appear and dinner ballets with mythological themes
italian court dance
ballet from italian "ballare" to dance
italian court dance
Catherine de Medici brings ballet from ___________ to ___________
Italy to France
Who helped catherine?
balthasar de Beaujoyeulx- also italian- the dance master (choreographer)
What ballet does catherine and balthasar bring?
ballet comique de la reine (comedy-happy ending)
Created by Balthasar
almost all french gods as the characters
queen mentioned in story
king of france was in it
ballet comique de la reine
setting of the performance: gallery of the louvre
ballet comique de la reine
independent scenes linked by a broad theme
ballet a entree (ballet comique de la reine)
nobles begin to perform ballroom dances in a ________ context (the dancing master)
theatrical
- intracacy and polish of steps increased
- first barre begins to be used
- set standards of etiquette and deportment
the dancing master
need dance lessons for good manners and courtship now that he has a law degree (means nothing if you dont have the etiquette and skills)
thoinot arbeau days
study of late 1500s French Renaissance social dance
Orchesographie
who brought comedic dance from italy to france? (Commedia dell'arte)
Jean Baptiste Lully
More of a theatrical type dance presentation (opera ballet), composer
jean Baptiste Lully
- Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme comedy still performed today
- combined dialogue with dance interludes
- early form musical comedy
- Playwright, tightly tied to Louis XIV
Moliere
Portrayed the sun king in ballet de la nuit (apollo)
Louis XIV
Who was Louis XIV dance master?
Pierre Beauchamp
Stressed five positions and turnout (fencer's stance)
Pierre Beauchamps
Founded by Louis
Academie Royale de Danse
- Originally had 13 dancing masters
- survives today as Paris Opera Ballet
- Oldest dance academy
- development of dance professionals
Academie Royale de Danse
Independent scenes linked by a broad general theme
Ballet a entree
- wide array of talents
- required more training
- early professional dancers hired around 1630s
Ballet a entree
- introduced in 17th century
- more emphasis on individual dancers form
- separated dancers from audience
- leads to greater professionalization of dancer
proscenium arch
completely choreographed dances, etiquette
Fabritio Caroso (Italian)
First prima ballerina, In Lully's Le Triophe de I'Amour
Mademoiselle de la Fontaine
Beauchamp-Feuillet notation
Raoul Auger Feuillet
A page of Beauchamps-Feuillet notation from Reuilet's work
Choreographie
Collection of ballroom and theatrical dances
Beuachamp-Feuillet notation
Written in Beauchamps-Feuillet notation
Choreographie, ou l'art de decrire la danse (Paris, 1700)
Which queen loved to dance?
Queen Elizabeth 1
- performances stressed literary content more than dance
- masques grew from pageants, head allegorical and classical themes, politically topical
English Renaissance Court Dance
Les Indes Galantes and the opera ballet
Jean Pilippe Rameau
This ballet explored foreign people and ideas
Les Indes Galantes and the opera ballet
Three dance styles
1. Danse Noble
2. Demi-caractere
3. Comique (grotesque)
highest and most noble form of dance
- serious and dignified
- involved gods and mythology
danse noble
more lively dance style, extroverted
- involved everyday people (but not poor) or lesser gods
Demi-caractere
comic or rustic roles (dance style)
- could be charming as well as rough in manner
Comique (grotesque)
Demi-caractere dancer
- did a lot to make noble dance obsolete
auguste vestris
female choreographer
- choreographed Les Caracteres de la Danse
- taught Marie Camargo and Marie Salle
Francoise Prevost
Worldly, on stage and off
- strong technical abilities
- prevost was threated by her
- shortened skirt to show off jumps
- emphasized outward form
Camargo
Strongly opposite to Camargo, reserved and quiet
- emphasized drama on stage
- tried to portray characters as convincingly as possible
- emphasized inward feeling
Salle
Successor to Salle and Camargo
- excellent turns and entrechats
- mistress to Frederick the Great of Berlin
Barberini Campanini
Paris Opera dance master
- one of the leading choreographers of the eighteenth century
Guillaume-Louis Pecour
Paris opera dance master
- showcased ideas of French Revolution
Pierre Gardel
Opposite of ballet a entree
- emphasized dramatic coherence and concision
- Loves of Mars and Venus: love affair between Venus and Mars and the revenge of Venus's husband Vulcan (by John Weaver)
Ballet d'action
Vienna opera choreographer and musician
- support ballet d'action
- first of european ballet masters at Russian Imperial Ballet
- Believed dance could tell a story without narration
Gaspero Angiolini
- Supported balled d'action
- letters of dancing and ballets
- four precepts on ballet
Jean Georges Noverre
What are the four precepts of ballet
- balletic movements should be technically brilliant and move audience emotionally
- plots should be unified and logical and contribute to a central theme (eliminate things that do not contribute)
- scenery, music, and plot should be unified; costumes and
Student of Noverre
Marie Antoinette
Dancing master
- student of Angiolini
- Choreographed The Whims of Cupid ad the Ballet Master
Vincenzo Galeottie
`- Oldest standing full ballet
- Cupid mixes up the pairs of people as a joke
The Whims of Cupid and the Ballet Master
Choreographed by Jean Dauberval
La Fille Mal Gardee
- Two young lovers try to overcome girl's mother trying to marry her off to a wealthy fool
- original choreo lost, redone by many well-known later choreographers
La Fille Mal Gardee