Explain the criteria for eusociality
- Division of labor
- co-operative brood care
- Overlapping generations
Held together through Tropollaxis
ex: Formicidae & Rhinotermitidae
Eusocial Hymenoptera
-queen
-female workers
-holometabolous
-male drone - diploid for what job they do
Eusocial Isoptera
-King & Quuen
- half female & half male workers
-hemimetabolous
-both diploid
Explain dulosis
the practice by slave-making ants of capturing the pupae of other ant species and rearing them as workers of their own colony
Wasmanin mimicry
mimic resembles its host in order to live with in same nest
ex: staphylinid beetle, termitoxenia sp.
Two viruses and their vectors
Yellow fever & Dengue fever - mosquitos
Two bacteria and their vectors
Lyme disease - deer tick
Bubonic plague - rat flea
Two protozoans and their vectors
Malaria - plasmodium spp.
Leishmaniasis - sandfly
Two nematodes and their vectors
Elephantiasis - mosquito
Canine heart worm - mosquito aedes sp.
Obligatory myiasis
invasion of living vertabrate animals by fly larvae
-always parasitic always require live host
ex: bot flys, screw worms
Ectoparasites
require blood meals - females for additional source of protein
ex: hard ticks, parasitic mites, fleas
Multi tick life cycles important to athropod born disease cycles
Ticks are not born w. disease & must feed during each life stage to gain diseases from their hosts along the way
Four ways that insects make sounds
Stridulation ex: grasshopper
Vibrating body parts ex: tiger moths
Forcing air out of spiracles ex: green june beetle
Tapping/hitting body part against surface ex: stonefly
Thermoregulation examples
Shivering - bumble bee
Stiliting - Tiger beetle
Supercooling - Arctic carabid beetle
Postural thermo - dragonfly
Degree Days
Min. temp + max temp/2 = Avg
Avg temp - base temp insect (40) = dd
Different uses for pheremones
Sex ex: tiger moth
Trail marking ex: ants
Aggregation: Coleoptera
Alarm ex: ants,bees, wasps
Concealment
undetected - cryptic coloring, countershading, transparency
Aposematism
warning coloration ex: blister beetle
Batesian mimicry
harmless species evolves to imitate warning signals of harmful ex: hoverfly
Mullerian mimicry
two or more noxious species develop similar appearances ex: monarch & Viceory butterflies
Secretons
Compounds from plants that are ingested then insects use for defense ex: sawfly
Urticating hair
barbed hairs that act like armor and can irritate attackers
ex: woolly bear caterpillars , tarantulas
Distractions
startle predator to momentarily confuse
ex: moths w. eyes on wings maybe luna moth
Apidae
Eusocial
Vespidae
Eusocial
Belostomatidae
Sub social
Coccinellidae
Solitary
Membracidae
Quasi social
Formicidae
Eusocial
Rhinotermitidae
Eusocial
Tenthredinidae
Eusocial
Forficulidae
Semi social