What is Fitts' 3 Stage Model
Cognitive and Behavioral perspective
1.Verbal-Cognitive Stage
2. Fixation Stage
3. Autonomous Stage
What is the Verbal-Cognitive stage of Fitts' 3 Stage Model
Development of basic movement patterns
What is the Fixation stage of Fitts' 3 Stage Model
Refinement of movement pattern
What is the Autonomous stage of Fitts' 3 Stage Model
Permanence of movement virtually automatic.
What is Bernstein's Learning Stages
Motor control and biomechanical perspective
In Bernstein's Learning Stages, what are the 3 stages
1. Freeze DF
2. Release DF
3. Exploit DF
What is degrees of freedom?
Number of functional units required to solve movement problems.
What are behavioral examples of behaviors from Fitts' Cognitive Stage 1: Behaviors?
1. Attention to fundamental movement patterns and goal of task
2. High level of Watching and Thinking
3. Verbalize; Questioning; Self-Talk
4. Inconsistent
5. Many gross errors
Bernstein's Stage 1: Behaviors examples.
1. Freezing the Limbs (Reduce DF)
2. Reduce the movement of nonessential or redundant body parts by freezing degrees of freedom.
3. Learner simplifies movement problem by eliminating DF or reducing to controllable number
Fitts' Fixation Stage 2: Behavior Examples
1. Long-lasting stage
2. Coordinated movement pattern
3. Motor program building (increased open loop movements)
4. Utilize sensory feedback (modify movements efficiently)
5. Increased consistency
6. Fewer errors
Motor Program Development
Early practice will require more separate steps and thinking, late practice, the amount of steps decrease and becomes automatic and fluid.
Attention Skills
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Bernstein's Stage 2: Behaviors examples.
Release (Increase) DF
1. The learner attempts to improve performance by releasing some of the DF that had initially been frozen
2. Learner seeks control over "larger" movements
3. More fluid, coordinated patterns emerge for skills requiring speed/power
4. Freezing or smaller movements emerge for skills requiring accuracy/control
Fitts' Autonomous Stage 3: Behaviors examples.
1. Movements largely automatic (e.g. motor programs, reflexes)
2. Very few errors
3. Very consistent
4. High movement efficiency/low effort
5. Devote attention to/focus on advanced strategies
Bernstein's Stage 3: Behaviors examples.
Exploiting the Mechanics and the Environment
1. Release all DF necessary to accomplish that task with high energy
2. Maximize muscular efficiency though using optimal number of DF
3. Control and manage environmental forces (surfaces, ball flight patterns, angles/forces/speeds, etc.)
4. Exploit mechanical, inertia, and reflex properties in joints
5. Master lots of movement variations (e.g. joint positions/angles)
Examples of Fitts' Cognitive Stage 1 (Verbal/Cognitive) Instructional Support
1. Modeling/Demonstrations
2. Verbal Instruction/Cues (simple)
3. Instructional Feedback (higher amounts; less precise)
4. Skill Exploration
5. Skill Simplification
6. Transfer of Learning
7. Patience
Examples of Bernstein's Stage 1 (Freeze DF) Instructional Support
1. Simplify the task (e.g. part practice)
2. Simplify equipment (weight, length, size, etc.)
3. Focus on fewer DF and increase opportunities for success
4. With improvement, add planes of motion, joints, muscles
Examples of Fitts' Fixation Stage 2 (Fixation) Instructional Support
1. Increasingly individualize practice
2. Manipulate Practice Structure
3. Facilitate error detection and correction
4. Emphasize effective motor programs (speed-accuracy)
5. Add skill elements (more advanced movements)
Examples of Bernstein's Stage 2 (Release/Increase DF) Instructional Support
Encourage increased range of motion and increased speed of movement
Add more movement parts
Manipulate task constraints (speed emphasis for some skills)
Examples of Fitts' (Autonomous) Stage 3 Instructional Support
1. Specificity of Practice
2. Self-requested feedback
3. Maintenance
4. Motivation (e.g. goal setting, competition)
5. Fine tune/details of movement
6. Advanced perceptual and cognitive strategies
Examples of Bernstein's Stage 3 (Exploiting DF) Instructional Support
Practice advanced techniques that add energy, inertia or momentum to the movement
Define Motor Learning
The science of teaching motor skills
define intraskill Practice
The scheduling of repetitions for a single skill within a practice session or portion of a practice session
define constant practice
A practice schedule in which the same skill is rehearsed in the same way, without variation, in a series of practice trials
Define Varied Practice
A practice schedule in which the same skill is rehearsed in a variety of different ways (a parameter is intentionally varied, e.g. speed, force, distance, etc.)
Define schema
An abstracted, generalized memory representation of how to perform and correct a movement
Define Blocked practice
A practice schedule in which different skills are rehearsed in a repetitive fashion
Define Random practice
A practice schedule in which different skills are rehearsed in an unpredictable trial-to-trial order
Which has a better retention test, blocked or random?
Random
Which has a better practice performance, blocked or random
Blocked