insect poop, casings, insect itself
signs of insects
spots, lesions, rolling, black mold, skeletonization, leaf mines, irregular holes
symptoms of insects
necrosis, chlorosis, mold, mildew, mosaic
symptoms of an infection
blights, cankers, leaf spots, root rots, wilts
disease symptom
produce cell wall degrading enzymes, produce toxins, cause tumors
How do pathogenic microbes feed on plants?
lysis of cell releases nutrients
when pathogenic microbes feed on plant what do the degrading enzymes do?
alter membrane permeability
when pathogenic microbes feed on plant what do toxins do?
reprogram cells to produce nutrients for pest
when pathogenic microbes feed on plant what do tumors do?
disease epidemic that lasts one year
What is a monocyclic pathogen?
disease epidemic that occurs multiple times in a year
A polycyclic pathogen?
polycyclic, disease progress is exponential
Which is generally perceived as more likely to cause serious infections quickly?
irregular holes, skeletonizers, mining, boring, root cutting
insects with chewing mouthparts cause different symptoms
spots, yellowing, rolling, waxy, webbing, black mold
insects with piercing mouthparts cause different symptoms
simple complete
different types of metamorphoses
egg, larvae, pupa, adult
what are 4 stages of complete metamorphosis?
instar
what is the stage of life between each molt called?
orthoptera, coleoptera, lepidoptera, diptera, hymenoptera, hemiptera, thysanoptera
what are 7 orders of insects?
no harmful residue, less impact on non-target area, can be cheaper, more effective in the long-term
advantages of biopesticides
high specificity, slow, variable efficacy, plants evolve and become more resistant, fungi or bacteria could become invasive,
disadvantage of biopesticides
improve soil structure, no toxic build up, difficult to over fertilize,
advantage of organic fertilizer
expensive, maybe slow to breakdown, nutrient ratios are unknown
disadvantage of organic fertilizer
nutrient ratios are exact, works fast, lots of research, cheaper
advantage of synthetic fertilizer
do not sustain soil, can over fertilize,toxic build up,
disadvantage of synthetic fertilizer
low labor so cheaper food, higher crop yields, higher crop quality
advantages of chemical pesticide
harmful residues, contamination soil and water, pest become resistant, health risk to those that apply
disadvantage of chemical pesticide
grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
what are 3 examples of orthoptera?
whiteflies, aphids, mealy bugs
3 examples of hemiptera
wasps, bees, ants
3 examples of hymenoptera
mosquitoes, gnats, fruit flies
3 examples of diptera
beetles, weevils, fireflies
3 examples of coleoptera
thrips
thysenoptera
diptera, lepidoptera
what insects have different mouthparts from larvae to adult stage?
egg, nymph, adult
what are three stages of simple metamorphosis?
head, abodmen, thorax
3 body parts of an insect