The relevance of facial proportions has four (4) applications to restorative art:
1. To make comparisons between features and photographs and/or between remains and features
2. Similarities in the size of features
3. Differences in size relationships
4. Deviations of size and form in absence of photographs
The Horizontal lines of the face are located at the:
1. Vertex (top of the head) of the cranium
2. Base of the chin
3. Line of eye closure (the line that forms between two structures, such as the lips or eyelids when in a closed position, which marks their place of contact with each other)
4. The normal hairline
5. Eyebrow (supercilia - superficial hairs covering the superciliary arches) and top of the ear
6. Base of nose/base of earlobe (they are on the same transverse plane)
7. Line of closure (the line that forms between two structures, such as the lips or eyelids when in a closed position, which marks their place of contact with each other) of the lips
8. Superior border of the chin
The vertical lines of the face are located at the:
1. Medial end of each closed eye
2. Extension from the medial end of each eye to the wings of the nose
3. Lateral corner of each closed eye
4. Each side of the face
5. Extension from the middle of each eye to the corners of the mouth
Supplemental equalities:
a. ear passage to the tip of the nose - bilateral view
b. eyebrow to the base of the chin
c. hairline to the base of the nose
d. ear passage to ear passage
THESE MEASUREMENTS CAN AND SHOULD BE EMPLOYED IN FACIAL RESTORATIONS!
Convex (most common)
- a basic profile form in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip
Height of an adult measured in head-lengths:
7.5 to 8 heads
Concave (least common)
- infantine, retrousse; a basic facial profile form in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the chin protrudes beyond the plane of the upper lip
Vertical (balanced)
- one in which the forehead, upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line
Basic Linear Forms
Convex (most common)
Concave (least common)
Vertical (balanced)
Convex-concave profile
- a profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin protrudes beyond the plane of the upper lip.
Concave-convex profile
- a facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip.
Vertical-convex profile
- one in which the forehead and the eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin recedes from the projection of the upper lip.
Vertical-concave profile
- one in which the forehead and the eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin protrudes more than the upper lip
Convex-vertical profile
- A profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin and upper lip project equally to an imaginary vertical line.
Concave-vertical profile
- facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line.
Variations of the Basic Linear Forms
Convex-concave profile
Concave-convex profile
Vertical-convex profile
Vertical-concave profile
Convex-vertical profile
Concave-vertical profile
FRONTAL HEAD VIEWS
Oval (most common)
Round (infantine)
Square (strong)
Triangular (least common)
Inverted triangle
Diamond
Oblong
Oval (most common)
- a frontal head form in which the head is generally egg-shaped, with the cranium slightly wider than the jaws
Round (infantine)
- a frontal head form in which the head exhibits maximum curvature
Square (strong)
- a frontal head form in which the head is broad and exhibits very little curvature; the forehead is wide and the angles of the mandible are usually low and wide.
Triangular (least common)
- a frontal head form in which the face is wider between the angles of the mandible than it is at the forehead; representing a triangle in shape; formed by three lines and having three angle
Inverted triangle
- A three sided figure whose base is superior to its apex; when used to describe a frontal-view geometric head shape, a head which is wide at the forehead and narrow at the jaw.
Diamond
- a frontal-view geometric head shape which is widest across the cheekbones, narrowing in width in both the forehead and the jaws.
Oblong
- a frontal head form in which the head is long and narrow throughout
Features that demonstrate asymmetry which may not be visible to the naked eye:
eyelids and eyebrows; ears (which exhibit the greater differences in position, form and size); cheeks; nose and mouth
The surfaces exhibit a similarity of bilateral curvature:
Forehead; Cheeks; Superior Integumentary Lip and Chin
It was created by the ancient Greeks and was called canon or rule used to determine beauty. It set a standard for the proportions of facial features
Canon of beauty
Mathematical relationship of the size of the features to each other or to the head
Facial Proportions
Bilateral form of the head and features:Most faces are asymmetrical
Both eyes may not be the same width
One side of the mouth may be wider than the other
One side of the noses may be wider than the other
One cheek may be more prominent than the other
The ears exhibit the greatest differences in position, form, and size
There are four surfaces of the face that exhibit a similarity of bilateral curvatures
Forehead
Cheeks
Superior integumentary lip
Chin
Divide the face in two equal halves by drawing a line at the
1. Vertex(top) of the cranium
2. The line of eye closure
3. Base of the chin
Divide the face in three equal parts by drawing a line at the
1.Hairline
2. Eyebrows
3. Base of nose
4. Base of chin
Divide the area between the base of the nose and the base of the chin into three equal parts by drawing a line though the
1.Base of nose
2. line of lip closure
3. Top of chin
4. Base of chin
Vertical lines are used to determine the width of head features by using the width of the eye as a standard
1. Draw a line down from the medial corner of each eye. This line will extend to the corner of the wing of the nose.
2. Extend a line down from the lateral corner of each eye. This line will extend to the sides of the face
3. Extend a line down from the middle of the eye. This line will extend to the corner of the mouth
Using different facial features as units of measurement of the face
Proportional Relationships
The widest part of the head is measured by
the distance between the two parietal eminences
Nose
1. The face is three noses long
2. The length of the nose is equal to the length of the ear
3. The width of nose at the wings is equal to the width of an eye
Eyes
1. The face is five eyes wide from zygomatic arch to zygomatic arch
2. the distance between the eyes is equal to the width of one eye
3. The mouth is two eyes wide
Ear
The superior border of the ear is on the same horizontal plane as the eyebrows
The inferior border of the ear is on the same horizontal line as the base of the nose.
The face is three ears long
Sanders (1980) states " when using the thumb and index finger as a unit of measure, hold the thumb parallel to the index finger. The distance from the tip of the thumb to tip of the finger is equal to the following measurements
The length of the ear
the length of the nose
The normal hairline to the root of the nose
The base of the nose to the bottom of the chin
The following four measurement are equal
Ear passage to the tip of the nose
Eyebrow to the base of the chin
Hairline to the base of the nose
Ear passage to ear passage
The height of an average adult
7 to 8 heads tall
The width of the face is
two-thirds the length of the face
Highlight
A surface lying at a right angle to the source of illumination, which reflects the maximum amount of light, the lighter and brighter part
Shadow
Surfaces which do not lie at right angles to the source of illumination or are obscured by other surfaces and which reflect little or no light
Facial Profile
The silhouette of the face from a side view
Convex
Recedes
Concave
Protrudes
Vertical /Balanced
Not any one feature protrudes or recedes
The superior border of the ear lines on the same traverse plane as the
eyebrows
When compared to the length of the face, the length of the ear is
one-third
The length of the ear is equal to the distance from the normal hairline to the
eyebrow
The measurement of one eye is 1 1/2 inches wide, the face at its wides part will measure?
7 1/2 inches wide
What is the greatest width of the face when compared to the width of the mouth?
2 1/2 times
What is the distance between the eyes when compared to the width of the mouth?
One-half
The width of the eye
the width of the base of the nose
If one eye measures one and one-fourth inches in width, the mouth will be
2 1/2 inches
The distance from the base of the nose to the base of the child is equal to the distance from the base of the nose to the
eyebrow
The distance from the eyebrow to the base of the nose is equal to the distance from the
root of the nose to the ear passage
The width of the mouth is equal to
twice the width of the base of the nose
The distance from the eyebrow to the base of nose is equal to
The length of the ear
What is the location of the line closure of the mouth when measured from the base of the chin to the base of the nose
Two-thirds
Where do the lips meet when measured from the base of the chin
One-Third
The lips meet each other
One-half the distance from the the base of the nose to the superior border of the chin
Twice the distance between the eyes
equals the width of the mouth
The most common facial profile
convex
A profile form noted for a slight recession in both the forehead and the chin is
convex
The least common facial profile is
concave
A receding chin and protruding forehead characterized as facial profile
concave-convex
A facial profile in which the forehead, upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line
balanced or vertical
A vertical forehead and a chin that protrudes more than the upper lip characterize a facial profile
vertical - concave
A vertical forehead and a chin that recedes from the projection of the upper lip characterize a facial profile
vertical -convex
How many profiles variations are created when the basic linear profile classification are combined
Six
The least common geometric form of head shapes from the frontal aspect is
triangular
The number of geometric head shapes from the frontal aspect is
Seven
The most common head shape from the frontal viewpoint is
oval
A broad head shape noted for its lack of curvature is recognized as
square or strong
The head shape that is wider between the angles of the jaw than it is across the forehead is the
triangular
Which head shape exhibits grate width across the cheekbone and narrow width in the forehead and jaws?
Diamond
Paired structures the exhibit the greatest differences in position and form are the
Ears
A forehead that recedes from the eyebrow to the hairline and an upper lip and chin that projects equally to a vertical line characterize the facial profile
convex-vertical
A forehead that protrudes while the upper lip and chin that projects equally to a vertical line characterize the facial profile
concave- vertical
When measured from the based of the chin to the normal hairline, where is the line of mouth closure found?
Two-ninths
What is the location of the superior border of the chin when measured from the base of the chin to the eyebrows
One-sixth
What is the location of the superior border of the chin when measured from the eyebrows to the base of the chin?
Five-sixths
The greatest width of the face is approximately how many times the width of the mouth?
2 1/2