cardi/o
combining form for heart
pericardium
a double-walled membrane surrounding the heart
fibrous pericardium
the tough external layer
epicardium
external layer of the heart; also known as the visceral layer of pericardium
myocardium
middle and thickest layer of the heart; the actual heart muscle
endocardium
inner layer of the heart; lines the heart chambers and valves
coronary arteries
arteries that serve the heart
coron/o
combining form meaning crown
coronary veins
remove waste products from the myocardium
ischemia
deficiency in the blood supply to an area
atria
craniodorsal chambers of the heart
atri/o
combining form for atria
interatrial septum
separates the left and right atria
ventricles
caudoventral chambers of the heart
ventricul/o
combining form for ventricles
interventricular septum
separates the left and right ventricles
apex
narrow tip of the heart
valve
is a membranous fold
valv/o or valvul/o
combining form for valve
right atrioventricular valve
or right AV valve. this valve controls the opening between the right atrium and right ventricle. it also is called the tricuspid valve because it has 3 points, or cusps
pulmonary semilunar valve
or pulmonary valve. the valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and controls blood entering the lungs. semilunar means half-moon, and this valve is shaped like a half-moon
left atriventricular valve
or left AV valve. this valve controls the opening between the left atrium and left ventricle. it also is called the mitral valve or bicuspid because it has two points
aortic semilunar valve
or aortic valve. the aortic valve is located between the left ventriclue and the aorta and controls blood entering the arterial system. it also is half-moon shaped
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time
stroke volume
the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat
purkinje fibers
establishes the basic rhythm of the heart and is called the pacemaker of the heart
atrial systole
atrial contraction
inotrophy
the term meaning force of contraction
ventricular systole
ventricular contraction
sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm
arrhythmia and dysrhythmia
abnormal rhythm
electrocardiogram
the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrocardiography
the process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
auscultation
the act of listening to body sounds and usually involves the use of a stethoscope
stethoscope
an instrument used to listen
palpitation
heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm
fibrillation
rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions
flutter
cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
tachycardia
abnormally fast heartbeat
paroxysm
sudden convulsion or spasm
normal sinus arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration (a nonpathologic arrhythmia)
asystole
without contraction or lack of heart activity; flat line on an ECG
syncope
temporary suspension of respiration and circulation
gallop
low-frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole
heart murmur
an abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood
holosystolic or pansystolic
occur during the entire ventricular contraction phase
stenosis
narrowing
crescendo murmurs
abnormal swooshing cardiac sounds that progressively increase loudness
decrescendo murmurs
progressively decrease in loudness
angi/o and vas/o
combining forms for vessel
lumen
opening in a vessel through which fluid flows
vasoconstrictors
things that narrow a vessel's diameter
hilus
the depression where vessels enter an organ
arteri/o
combining form for artery
aorta
the main trunk of the arterial system that begins from the left ventricle of the heart
aort/o
combining form for aorta
celiac artery
supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen
celi/o
combining form for belly
renal arteries
supplies the kidneys
ovarian (or testicular) arteries
supply the ovaries (or testicles)
subclavian artery
located under the collarbone
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries
arter/i
combining form meaning vessel that carries blood away from the heart
capillaries
single-cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
perfusion
blood flow through tissues
capillary refill time
an indicator of perfusion
venules
tiny blood vessels that carry blood to the veins
veins
a low-pressure collecting system that returns blood to the heart
ven/o and phleb/o
combining forms for vein
jugular vein
drains the head and neck area
femoral veins
drain the legs
renal veins
drain the kidneys
azygous vein
a single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures and is named based on the fact that it is not paired in the body
blood pressure
the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls
viscosity
resistance to flow
pulse
rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure
sphygmomanometer
measures the amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels
sphygm/o
combining form for pulse
man/o
combining form for pressure
systolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles contract and is highest toward the end of the stroke output of the left ventricle
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles relax and is lowest late in ventricular dilation
tensi/o
combining form meaning pressure or tension and is used when describing blood pressure
hypertension
high blood pressure
hypotension
low blood pressure
antihypertensives
drugs used to lower blood pressure
angiocardiography
radiographic study of the blood vessels and heart using contrast material. the resulting film is an angiocardiogram
angiography
radiographic study of the blood vessels following injection of radiopaque material. an angiogram is the film produced from this radiographic procedure
cardiac catheterization
radiographic study in which a catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow
echocardiography
process of evaluating the heart structures using sound waves. Doppler echocardiography used the differences in frequency between sound and waves and their echoes to measure the velocity of a moving object
ech/o
combining form for sound
holter monitor
24-hour ECG that records the heart rates and rhythms onto a specialized tape recorder
radiography
procedure of imaging objects by exposing sensitized film to x-rays. the resulting film is called a radiograph
tourniquet
constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood
aneurysm
localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery
angiopathy
disease of vessels
aortic insufficiency
inability of the aortic valve to perform at the proper levels, which result in blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries. this may be caused by plaque (black), which is a patch or raised area.
ather/o
combining form for plaque or fatty substance
atrial septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the right and left atria that may allow blood to move from the high-pressure atrium to the low-pressure atrium
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in the pericardial sac
cardiomegaly
heart enlargement
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle. may be further classified as hypertrophic which is excessive growth of the left ventricle, or dilated which is characterized by a thin-walled left ventricle. dilated cardiomyopathy also is known as congestive
carditis
inflammation of the heart
congestive heart failure
syndrome that reflects insufficient cardiac output to meet the body's needs; abbreviated CHF; congestion which is accumulation of fluid, and edema which is accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces may be seen with CHF. ascites is fluid accumulati
pleural effusion
abnormal fluid accumulation between the layers of the membrane encasing the lungs and is seen in cats secondary to CHF. fluid accumulation can be relieved with the use of diuretics, which are substances that increase urine excretion
cor pulmonale
alterations in the structure or function of the right ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension; also called pulmonary heart disease
pulmon/o
combining form for lung
dirofilariosis
heartworm infection
microfilariae
tiny larvae produced from mature heartworms
caval syndrome
obstruction of blood flow from the vena cava caused by heavy heartworm infestation
embolus
foreign object (e.g. a clot, air, or tissue) that is circulating in blood
embolism
blockage of a vessel by a foreign object
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium and sometimes the heart valves.
heart block
interference with the electrical conduction of the heart. may be partial or complete and is graded in degrees based on the characteristics of the block
hemangioma
benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels
hematoma
collection of blood
hypercapnia
above-normal levels of carbon dioxide, resulting in reduced levels of oxygen and may cause a bluish tinge to the skin and mucous membranes
hypocapnia
below-normal levels of carbon dioxide
hypoxia
below-normal levels of oxygen
infarct
localized area of necrosis caused by in interrupted blood supply
mitral stenosis
narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve (which affects the opening and closing of the mitral valve)
mitral valve insufficiency
inability of the left atrioventricular valve to perform at the proper level; may be caused by fibrosis, endocarditis, or other conditions that occur in the mitral valve area
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal protrusion of the left atriventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of the valve
occlusion
blockage of a vessel or passageway in the body
patent ductus arteriosius
persistence of the fetal communication between the left pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth; abbreviated PDA. may cause overloading of the left ventricle which may lead to left ventricle failure. a continuous heart murmur and
pericarditis
inflammation of the pericardium
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and right ventricle
regurgitaion
backflow; used to describe backflow of blood caused by imperfect closure of heart valves
shock
inadequate tissue perfusion. there are different types of shock, by one type occurs after cardiac arrest or cessation of heartbeat. treatment of shock includes resuscitation
tetraology or Fallot
congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that classically has four anatomical defects in the heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy
thromboembolism
the blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
thrombosis
an abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a blood vessel
anticoagulants
substances that prevent blood clotting
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
ventricular septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the right and left ventricles that may allow blood to shunt from the right ventricle to the left ventricle without becoming oxygenated
shunt
means to bypass or divert
angioplasty
surgical repair of blood or lymph vessels
angiorrhapy
suture of a vessel
arterioectomy
surgical removal of part of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
arteriotomy
incision of a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
central venous pressure
tension exerted by blood in the cranial vena cava
defirillation
use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm
hemostasis
control or stoppage of bleeding
stent
small expander implanted in a blood vessel to prevent it from collapsing
transfusion
introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient
valvotomy
surgical incision into a valve or membranous flap
tricuspid valve
the right atrioventricular valve
pericardium
the double-walled membranous sac enclosing the heart is the pericardium
septum
A partition or wall separating something
infract
A localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply
transfusion
introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient
shunt
a bypass or diversion
Cor
heart
cardiomyopathy
disease of heart muscle
cardiomegaly
heart enlargement
perfusion
blood flow through tissue
pulmonary arteries
the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs
systole
the contraction phase of the heartbeat
iatrogenic
a disease produced by treatment
epicardium
the term for the external layer of the heart
coronary arteries
the myocardium receives its blood supply
mitral valve
heart valve known as the biscupid valve
right ventricle
heart chamber that pumps blood to the lungs
heart murmur
abnormal sound associated with the turbulent flow of blood
constriction
narrowing of a vessel diameter
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
dilation
widening of a vessel diameter
hematoma
collection of blood
capillaries
single-cell-thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
veins
vessels that return blood to the heart
arteries
vessels that carry blood away from the heart
porphylaxis
prevention