physis
cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone; aka growth plate
dia
between
peri
surrounding
cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer lyater of bone; aka compact bone
cancellous one
lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones; aka spongy bone
epiphysis
wide end of a long bone, which is covered with articular cartilage and is composed of cancellous bone
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
metaphysis
wider part of long bone shaft located adjacent to the physis
periosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outer covering of bone
endosteum
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
long bones
bones consisting of shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity
short bones
cube-shaped bones with no marrow cavity
flat bones
thin, flat bones
pneumatic bones
sinus-containing bones
sesamoid bones
small bones embedded in a tendon
irregular bones
unpaired bones
osteoblasts
immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
osteoclasts
phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of bone
osteocytes
when osteoblasts mature
-poietic
pertaining to formation
medullary cavity
the inner space of bone, contains yellow bone marrow
cartilage
a form of connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
articular cartilage
covers the joint surfaces of bones
meniscus
a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints that cushions forces applied to the joint
synarthroses
allow no movement
amphiarthroses
allow slight movement
diarthroses
allow free movement
fontanelle
a soft spot remainging at he junction of sutures that usually closes before birth
suture
a jagged line where bones join and form a nonmovable joint
symphysis
a joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so that they function as one bone
aka cartilaginous joint
mandibular ymphysis
the halves of the mandible fuse at a symphysis to form one bone
pubic symphysis
the halves of the pelvis fuse at a symphysis
synovial joints
ball and socket joins
ball and socket joints
allow a wide range of motion in many directions
arthrodial or condyloid joints
joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, such as carpal joints
trochoid joints
include pulley shaped joints like the connection between the atlas to the axis
hinge joints
allow motion in one plane or direction, such as canine stifle and elbow joints
gliding joints
move or glide over eachother, as in the radioulnar joint
saddle joint
allows primates to flex, extend, abduct, adduct, and circumduct the thumb
ligament
a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another
tendon
a band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
bursa
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction
synovial membrane
secretes synovial fluid, which acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
axial skeleton
the framework of the body that includes the skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
appendicular skeleton
the framework of the body that consists of extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle
frontal cranium
forms the roof of the cranial cavity
parietal cranium
paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
occipital cranium
forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum, or opening for the spinal cord is loaated
temporal cranium
paired bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
sphenoid cranium
paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket
ethmoid cranium
forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
lacrimal
forms the medial part of the orbit
pterygoid
forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
zygomatic
projections from the temporal and frontal bones to form the cheek bone
maxilla
forms the upper jaw
mandible
forms the lower jaw
palatine
forms part of the hard palate
nasal
forms the bridge of the nose
vomer
forms the base of the nasal septum
hyoid
bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx
vertebral column
supports the head and body and protects the spinal cord
body
the solid portion ventral to the spinal cord
arch
the dorsal part of the vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord
lamnia
the left or right dorsal half of the arch
spinous process
a single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
transverse processes
project laterally from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch
articular processes
are paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
foramen
opening
vertebral foramen
the middle of the vertebra through which the spinal cord passes
intervertebral discs
the vertebrae are separated and cushioned from each other by cartilage discs
atlas
C1 or cervical vertebra one
axis
C2 or cervical vertebra two
ribs
paired bones that attach to thoracic vertebrae
sternum
forms the midline ventral portion of the rib cage; divided into three parts manubrium, body, xiphoid process
manubrium
the cranial portion of the sternum
body
the middle portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
the caudal portion of the sternum
thoracic cavity, or rib cage
protects the heart and lungs
scapula or shoulder blade
a large triangular bone on the side of the thorax
clavicle or collarbone
a slender bone that connects the sternum to the scapula
humerus
the long bone of the proximal front limb
radius
cranial bone of the front limb
ulna
caudal bone of the front limb
olecranon
proximal projection on the ulna
carpal bones
irregularly shaped bones
metacarpals
bones found distal to the carpus
ungulates
animals with hooves
pelvis, or hip
consists of three pairs of bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis
ilium
the largest pair that is blade-shaped. articulates with the sacrum
ischium
the caudal pair of bones
pubis
the ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by a cartilaginous joint
acetabulum
the large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet
femur or thigh bone
the proximal long bone of the rear leg
patella
a large sesamoid bone in the rear limb
stifle joint
the joint that houses the patella
tiiba
the larger and more weight-bearing bone of the two
fibular
a long, slender bone
aperture
opening
canal
tunnel
condyle
rounded projection
crest
high projection or border projection
crista
ridge
dens
toothlike structure
eminence
surface projection
facet
smooth area
foramen
hole
fossa
trench or hollow depressed area
fovea
small pit
head
major protrusion
lamina
thin, flat plate
line
low projection or ridge
malleolus
rounded projection
meatus
passage or opening
process
projection
protuberance
projecting part
ramus
branch or smaller structure given off by a large structure
sinus
space or cavity
spine
sharp projection
sulcus
groove
trochanter
broad, flat projection (on femur)
trochlea
pulley-shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate
tubercle
small, rounded surface projection
tuberosity
projecting part
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
arthrography
injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination
arthroscopy
visual examination of the joint using a fiberoptic scope
radiology
study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation
ankylosis
loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery
arthralgia or arthrodynia
joint pain
arthritis
inflammatory condition of joints
arthropathy
joint disease
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
chondromalacia
abnormal cartilage softening
chondropathy
cartilage disease
discospondylitis
inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
exostosis
benign growth on the bone surface