Ventral
refers to the belly
dorsal
refers to the back
Cranial
toward the head
Caudal
toward the tail
Anterior
front of the body
Posterior
rear of the body
Rostral
nose end of the head
Cephalic
pertaining to the head
Medial
toward the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Superior
toward the head (used more in bipeds)
inferior
toward the tail (used more in bipeds)
Proximal
nearest the midline or nearest to the beginning of a structure
Distal
farthest from the midline or farthest from the beinning of a structure
Superficial
near the surface; also called external
Deep
away from the surface; also called internal
Palmar
the caudal surface of the fron paw
Plantar
the caudal surface of the rear paw
Midsagittal plane
divides the body into equal right and left halves
Sagittal plane
divides the body into unequal right and left parts
Dorsal plane
divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts
Transverse pane
divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
-logy
the study of
Anatomy
the study of body structure
Physiology
the study of body function
Pathology
the study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
Pathophysiology
the study of changes in function caused by disease
etiology
the study of disease
arcade
the term used to describe how teeth are arrange in the mouth
lingual surface
the tooth surface of the mandible that faces the tongue
palatal surface
the tooth surface of the maxilla that faces the tongue
buccal surface
the aspect of the tooth that faces the cheek
occlusal surfaces
the aspects of the teeth that meet when you chew
labial surface
the tooth surface facing the lips
contact surfaces
the aspects of tooth that touch other teeth
mesial
the contact surface that is closest to the midline of the dental arcade or arch
distal contact
the contact surface that is furthest from the midline of the dental arcade
cavity
a hole or hollow space in th ebody that contains and protects internal organs
cranial cavity
the hollow space that contains the brain in the sill
spinal cavity
the hollow space that contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
thoracic cavity
the hollow space that contains the herat and lungs within the ribs between the neck and diaphragm
abdominal cavity
the hollow space that contains the major organs of digestion located between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
the hollow space within the abdominal cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
pelvic cavity
the hollow space that contains the reproductive and some exretory systems
abdomen
the portion of the body between the thorax and plevis containing the abdominal cavity
thorax
the chest region located between the next and diaphragm
groin
the lower region of the abdomen
aka inguinal area
membranes
thin layers of tissue that cover a surface, line a cavity, or divide a space or an organ
peritoneum
the membrane lining the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
parietal peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
visceral peritoneum
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the abdominal organs
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum
umbilicus
the pit in the abdominal wall marking the point where the umbilical cord entered the fetus
aka navel
mesentery
layer of peritoneum that suspends parts of the intestine in the abdominal cavity
retroperitoneal
superficial to the peritoneum
dorsal recumbency
lying on the back
ventral recumbency
lying on the belly
left lateral recumbency
lying on the left side
right lateral recumbency
lying on the right side
adduction
movement toward the midline
abduction
movement away from the midline
flexion
closure of a joint angle or reduction of the angle between two bones
extension
straightening of a joint or an increase in the angle between two bones
hyper flexion and hyperextention
occur when a joint is flexed or extended too far
supination
the act of rotation the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned upward
pronation
the act of rotating the limb or body part so that the palmar surface is turned downward
rotation
circular movement around an axis
cytology
the study of cells
protoplasm
the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
cell membrane
the structure lining the cell that protects the cell's contents and regulates what goes in and out of the cell
cytoplasm
the gelatinous material located in the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
nucleoplasm
the material in the nucleus
chromosomes
the structures in the nuclues composed of DNA, which transmits genetic information
genetic disorder
any inherited disease or condition caused by defective genes
congenital
something that is present at birth
tissue
a group of specialized cells that is similar in structure and function
epithelial tissue or epithelium
covers internal and external body surfaces
endothelium
the cellular covering that forms the lining of the internal organs
mesothelium
cellular coering that forms the lining of serous membranes such as the peritoneum
connective tissue
adds support and structure to the body
adipose tissue
connective tissue known as fat
muscle tissue
ability to contract and relax
nervous tissue
ability to react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
-plasia
used to describe formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers
-trophy
formation, development, and increase in the size of tissue and cells
anaplasia
a change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other
aplasia
lac of development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
dysplasia
abnormal grwoth or development of an organ or tissue or a cell
hyperplasia
an abnormal increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in an organ or a tissue or a cell
hypoplasia
incomplete or less than normal development of an organ or a tissue or a cell
neoplasia
any abnormal new growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive
benign
not recurring
malignant
tending to spread and be life threatening
-oma
tumor or neoplasm
atrophy
decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ or tissue or cell
dystrophy
defective growth in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
hypertrophy
increase in the size of an organ or tissue or cell
glands
specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
aden/o
gland
exocrine glands
groups of cells that secret their chemical sunstances into ducts that lead out of the body
endocrine glands
groups of cells that secrete their chemical substances directly into the bloodstream
organ
part of the body that performs special functions
oste/o or oss/e or oss/i
bones
arthr/o
joints
cartilage
chondr/o
my/o
muscles
fas/i or fasci/o
fascia
ten/o or tend/o or tendin/o
tendons
cardi/o
heart
arteri/o
arteries
ven/o or phleb/o
veins
hem/o or hemat/o
blood
lymph/o
lymph vessels, fluid, and nodes
tonsill/o
tonsils
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus
nas/o or rhin/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
trache/o
trachea
laryng/o
larynx
pneum/o or pneumon/o
lungs
or/o or stomat/o
mouth
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
small intestine
col/o or colon/o
large intestine
hepat/o
liver
pancreat/o
pancreas
ren/o or nephr/o
kidneys
ureter/o
ureters
cyst/o
urinary bladder
urethr/o
urethra
neur/o or neur/i
nerves
encephal/o
brain
myel/o
spinal cord
ophthalm/o or ocul/o or opt/o or opt/i
eyes
optic/o
sight
ot/o or aur/i or aur/o or audit/o or aud/i
ears
dermat/o or derm/o or cutane/o
skin
adren/o
adrenals
gonad/o
gonads
pineal/o
pineal
pituit/o
pituitary
thyroid/o or thyr/o
thyroid
orch/o or orchi/o or orchid/o or testicul/o
testes
ovari/o or oophor/o
ovaries
hyster/o or metr/o or metr/i or metri/o or uter/o
uterus
hist/o
tissue
adip/o
fat
cyt/o
cell