estrogen
steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus
nurse cells that stimulate follicle development
granulosa
highly vascularized, non-secretory areas that give rise to ruminant placenta
caruncles
steroid secreting cells located in the interstitial area of the testes.
leydig cells
section of the brain that controls balance, speed and acceleration and trajectory
cerebellum
anatomical structure that allows transport of sperm from epididymus to amulla
vas deferens
where in the cell are steroid hormone receptors located which elicit a slow response
nucleus
the S shaped structure which allows the fibroelastic penis to retract inside the body
sigmoid flexture
orimary section of the epididymus where sperm are stored
tail
general name of suspensory tissue connected to ovary, oviduct, and uterus
broad ligament
name of the bone that houses and protects the pituitary gland
sphenoid bone
ovarian or testes glycoprotein that inhibits FSH
inhibin
compound that serves as a precursor to steroid hormones
cholesterol
relative to its structural anatomy, type of penis found in stallion
vascular
developmental stage of ovarian follicle with multiple layers of granulosa cells and a fluid filled antrum
tertiary
nurse cells that stimulate sperm cell production
sertoli
protein hormone produced by ovary that stimulates FSH secretion
Activin
component of the broad ligament which supports the ovary
mesovarium
specific anatomical structure within the testis where spermatogenesis occurs
seminiferous tubules
striated muscle that contracts around crura to hold blood in penis during an erection
ischiocavernosus muscle
hormone of pregnancy
progesterone
hormones composed of long chains of amino acids with carbohydrates attatched
glycoproteins
secondary messanger that stimulates intracellular actions
cAMP
where in the cell are receptors located for protein hormones
cell membrane
specific mechanism of blood flow used to lower testes temperature
counter current heat exchange
vascular structure that facilitates counter current heat exchange
pampiniform plexus
muscle that facilitates blood flow to the pampiniform plexus
cremaster muscle
physiological process of the testis that is not perturbed in the cryptorchid animal
testosterone production by the leydig cells
hormone that stimulates follicle recruitment
FSH
cell type in testis targeted by FSH
sertoli cells
primary steroid hormone secreted by cells within the ovarian follicle
estrogen
follicle cells that secrete estrogen
granulosa
pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation
LH
cell type in the testis that is the target of LH
leydig
the substrate for prostoglandin synthesis
arachidonic acid
target tissue directly innervated by neuron, neurotransmitters released
simple neural reflex (ex- ejaculation)
lipid hormone that enhances luteal regression and is a vasoconstricor
prostoglandin F2alpha
hormone that acts on myoepithelial cells of mammary glands to stimulate milk let down
oxytocin
pituitary hormone that acts on sertoli and granulosa cells
FSH
ovarian steroid hormone that promotes the maintenance of pregnancy
progesterone
steroid hormone essential for spermatogenesis
testosterone
specific location in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs
seminiferous tubules
method of semen collection used to collect bull
electroejaculator
cellular process resulting in stem cell renewl and replacement of A1 spermatogonia
mitosis/proliferation
event occuring during the second stage of coitus in a dog that has a duration of 5-45 minutes
copulatory tie
age of first behavioral estrus and or ovulation
pubertal age
specific section of sperm head involved in digestion of zona pellucida of oocyte
acrosome
sperm swimming in progressive linear patterns during semen evaluation
individual motility
in what species does the W chromosone code for female
avian
technical term for penis entering vagina
intromission
pituitary hormone that acts on leydig and thecal cells
LH
cellular process resulting in DNA crossing over leading to genetic diversity of sperm
meiosis 1
short range of investigative behavior used to detect pheremones via vomeronasal gland
flehmen response
horomone responsible for the release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary
GnRH
portin of ejaculate filtered out during collection of sperm sample
gel fraction/ gel plug
ovarian structure responsible for secreting the hormone responsible for lordosis
follicle
hormone produced by adipocytes, which may enhance the onset of puberty
leptin
expulsion of semen from penis into the female tract
ejaculation
steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus
estrogen
reproductive structure that produces the luteolyic signal in farm animals
uterus
hormone that stimulates the development of accessory CL in the mare
eCG
reaction that allows sperm cells to digest and penetrate the zona pellucida
acrosomal reaction
powerful phagocytic white blood cells found in uterus that digest sperm cells
neutrophils
thought to be the origin of the luteolyic signal in humans
ovary
embryonic germ cell layer that develops into muscle and skeleton
mesoderm
group of cells in blasocyst that eventually develope into the embryo proper
inner cell mass
biochemical process that occurs to sperm and infers fertility on sperm
capacitation
biochemical reaction that initiates the zona block and prevents poly spermy
cortical reaction
resumption of this cellular event within the oocyte that occurs because of LH surge
Meiosis 1
embryonic germ cell layer that develops into skin, nails, hooves, and central nervous system
ectoderm
maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in sheep and cattle which is secreted by conceptus
interferon tau
lipid derived hormone that has luteolyic actions
prostoglandin f2alpha
cells of the blastocyst that eventually develop into chorion of the placenta
trophoblasts
hormone produced by chorion and basis for pregnancy testing in humans
hCG
early embryonic ducts that eventually develop into the female reproductive tract
paramesonephric
sexual differentiation is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome called
TDF
female reproductive structure that serves as both a barrier and reservoir for sperm
cervix
early embryonic ducts that eventually develop into the male reproductive tract
mesonephric
protein hormone secreted by corpus luteum involved in luteolysis in ruminants
oxytocin
primary nutrient source for fetus, which crosses the placental barrier by facilitated diffusion
glucose
programmed cell death, which is involved in luteal regression
apoptosis
embryonic cell layer that develops into the digestive tract and respiratory systems
endoderm
animal that has either one or two undecended testicles
cryptorchid
fluid filled protective sac surrounding the uterus
amnion
neurohoromone released into the circulatory system, acts on a remote target tissue
neuroendocrine regulation (milk let down)
chemical messenger secreted from a ductless gland or tissue that is carried in the blood to a remote target tissue to initiate change in cellular activity
hormones
neural control center for neuropeptides
hypothalamus
sella turcica
the cavity where the pituitary is housed
arcuate nucleus
tonic center, controls basal secretion
preotpic nucleus
surge center, controls preovulatory surge
hormone that induces smooth muscle contraction, cervical dilation, parturition and milk letdown
oxytocin
hormone that maintains the h20 balance via kidney
antidiuretic hormone
bi-lobed gland housed in the sella turcica of the sephenoid bone
pituitary gland
embryologically formed from the roof of the mouth, has no physical connection with hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
capillary network that allows for the transfer of hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary
hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system
embruologically formed from brain, directly connected to the hypothalaumus via nerve tissue
posterior pituitary
regulate intracellular biochemical actions, bind to specific receptors, have a short half life and act at low concentrations
hormones
few to several amino acids
peptides
long chains of amino acids
proteins
proteins hormone plus carbohydrates
glycoproteins
derived from arachidonic acid, lipid hormones
prostoglandins
used to determine hormone concentrations using radioactive hormones that bind inversely
RIA radioimmmunoassy
evaluates presence or absence of hormones without use of radioactive hormone- basis of home pregnancy test
ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
specific cells in target tissues that have a specific affinity for hormones
hormone receptors
hormone + receptor complex
lock and key mechanism
cell membrane hormone receptors- slow response
protein hormones
nuclear hormone receptors
steroid hormones
paired glands, secrete fluid directly into pelvic urethra, dog and cat do not have
vesicular glands/ seminal vesicles
only accessory gland in dog, secretion cleans and lubricates urethra
prostate gland
paired fibrous glands that secrete alkaline fluid to clean and lubricate urethra
bulbourethral glands
muscle that contracts to empty the pelvic urethra during ejeculation
bulbospongeosis muscle
muscle that contracts crus and holds blood in penis to maintain erection
ischiocavernosus muscle
center of the hypothalamus responsible for GnRH spikes, and positive and negative feedback
surge center
center of the hypothalamus responsible for basal GnRH secretion
Tonic center
the hypothalamus is inherently ________
female
fetal estrogen ______ cross the blood brain barrier
does not
the ability for the hypothalamus to secrete enough GnRH to induce an LH spike
the limiting factor of puberty
associated with "fatness" and the onset of puberty, possibly associated with increased LH secretion
Leptin
environmental factors, season of birth, social cues, genetics
external factors of puberty onset
chemical compounds secreted by body are volatile and detected by the olfactory system
pheromones
exocytocis during fetrilization, digests the zona pellucida
acrosome reaction
progression of sperm through a series of cellular associations at one location along a seminiferous tubule, all 8 cell stages
cycle of seminieferous epithelium
how many weeks before insult appears in ejaculate after heat shock?
2-4 weeks
the sequential ordering of stages along the length of seminiferous tubules (like the wave of fans) that provides a constant supply of sperm for the epididymus
spermatogenic wave
detect apoptotic cells by detecting DNA nicks in sperm cells, detects DNA fragmentation
TUNEL assay
uses thermal and mechanical stimulation to stimulate ejaculation- water stimulates pressure and temperature
Artificial vagina
parallel electrodes minimize unwanted muscle contraction but stimulates the accessory glands and pelvic urethra
electroejaculator
technique used to obtain semen from a boar
hand-glove technique
incorporating fluorochrome dye into sperm membrane, X has increased dye and produces greater light than Y when activated- a way to sort cells
flow cytometry
seminal fluid and sperm move into the pelvic urethra
emission
steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus
estrogen
location of semen deposition in the mare during natural mating
fornix vagina
secretory epithelium lining the lumen of the female reproductive tract
mucosa
steroid hormone that assists in forming cervical plug of pregnancy
progesterone
common name of cellular mass that comprises 70% of the testes
parenchyma
hypothalamic hormone that is involved in water balance of the body
antidiuretic hormone
primary energy source found in seminal fluid
fructose
Connective tissue and outer covering of the female reproductive tract
serosa
peptide hormone secreted from the arcuate nucleus
GnRH
anatomical structure that collects oocytes after they are ovulated from the ovary
infundibulum
portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus
mesometrium
portion of the broad ligament that supports the oviduct
mesosalpinx
portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary
mesovarium
anatomical structure in the male that engorges with blood during mating and is associated with the copulatory tie
bulbis glandis
specific layer of the uterus consitsting of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle
myometrium
biochemical class of hormone produced by the hypothalamus which promotes pituitary hormone production
neuropeptide
pituitary hormone involved in lactation
prolactin
term for a ligand that binds a hormone receptor with greater affinity than the native hormone and blocks biological activity
antagonist
substrate for lipid hormone production
arachidonic acid
first steroid hormone to by synthesized
progesterone
last steroid hormone to be synthesized
estrogen
sertoli cell derived hormone which drives regression of the fetal ducts in the female
anti-mullerian
animal derived from two zygotes
chimera
freemartin cattle display the reproductive behavior of which sex
male
which chromosome is the gene SRY located
Y
animal derived from mating between species
hybrid
puerperium process to return uterus to normal size after parturition
involution
protein hormone required to stretch pelvic ligaments
relaxin
term for a difficult birth
dystocia
steroid hormone which prevents myometrial contraction and the onset of parturition
progesterone
pituitary hormone involved in the fergeson reflex
oxytocin
fetal steroid hormone directly responsible for initiation of parturition
cortisol
lipid hormone responsible for luteolysis and myometrial contractions
PGF2a
steroid hormone upregulated during parturition that increases uterine secretions
estrogen
stage 3 of parturition involves expulsion of what
placenta
fetal pituitary hormone required to initiate parturition
adrenal corticitropin (ACTH)
fetal parameter that inititates the fetal endocrine stress response to induce parturition
fetal size
specialized structure which secretes eCG to maintain CL progesterone synthesis
endometrial cup
hormone produced by chorion and basis for OTC pregnancy test
hCG
large molecule that passes through the hemochorial placenta to infer passive immunity
immunoglobulin
name of placental cell type that secrets PAGs during early ruminant pregnancy
binucleate giant cell
maternal fetal barrier present in mare placenta
epitheliochorial
placental membrane whos primary function is to provide a protective environment for the embryo
amnion
chromosome that contains the testis determining factor gene
Y-chromosome
volatile chemicals secreted by the body that hastens the onset of puberty
pheremones
animal with uniform and reguar estrous cycles throughout the year
polyestrus
portion of sperm cell that contains enzymes that digest the zona pellucida
acrosome
animal with one estrus cycle per year is known as
monoestrus
period without regular estrous which is usually temporary
anestrus
absence of menses in reproductive aged women
Amennorrhea
cessation of menstrual cycles due to a depletion of ovarian follicles
menaopause
animal with a cluster of estrus cycles during a certain time of year
seasonally polyestrus
of the two sex chromosomes, this chromosome has greater DNA content
X-chromosome
hormone that enhances GnRH secretion during decreased light periods in sheep
melatonin
metabolic power plant of the cell is located where
mitochondria
courtship behavior called the lip curl is the
flehman response
most common assessment method of viability of freshly collected semen
motility
physical response that allows aspiration of fluids across vomeronasal glands
flehman response
age at first behavioral estrus- what its known as
puberty
specific section of the sperm that contains the mitochondria to produce energy necessary for sperm movement
mid piece
cryoprotectant used in the freezing of stallion semen
glycerol
stage of spermatogenesis that occurs in basal compartment and consists of cell divisions
mitosis
section of the sperm head that contains enzymes essential for fertilization of the oocyte
acrosome
the LH surge is responsible for what event, and what structure results from this event
ovulation, CL
primary hypothalamic hormone that regulates reproduction
GnRH
hormone produced by adipocytes which may enhance the onset of puberty
leptin
fence line exposure of prepubertal gilts to boars, increases or decreases age at puberty
decreases
mounting, intromission, and ejaculation are behaviors during
copulatory
increased nutrition in farm animals increases or decreases the age of puberty
decreases
measurement that is an accurate predictor of puberty in the bull
testicular circumfrance
volatile compounds in urine secretions that can be sensed by the olfactory system
pheremones
specific cellular process that allows for genetic diversity in sperm production
meiosis 1
steroid hormone produced during luteal phase of estrus cycle that regulates LH secretory patterns which controls follical developement and maturation
progesterone
anatomical structure that is the origin of luteolytic signal in farm animals
uterus
placental hormone that stimulates accessory CL in mare
eCG
maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in sheep and cattle, secreted by conceptus
interferon tau
anatomical structure that is the origin of the luteolytic signal in humans
ovary
large proteins that do not cross placenta in farm animals but appear in colostrum
antibodies
group of cells in blastocyst that develops into the embryo proper
inner cell mass
process that facilitates removal of proteins from sperm to infer fertility
capacitation
specific glycoprotein on outer oocyte membrane that acts like a receptor for the cell membrane during fertilization
ZP3
cells of the blastocyst that develop into chorion of the placenta
trophoblast
the cow, pig and mare have what type of placenta based on the maternal-fetal layer
epitheliochorial
cats and dogs have what kind of placenta based on the maternal fetal tissue later
endotheliochorial
structure composed of maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon in ruminant
placentome
what physical activity has to occur in rabbits and cats to stimulate ovulation
copulation (penis enters vagina)
protein hormone secreted by the CL which is involved in luteolysis in ruminants
oxytocin
in the human, the fertile period around ovulation where conception can occur lasts
6-7 days
biochemical reaction that initiates the zona block and vitelline block to prevent polyspermy during fertilization
cortical reaction
placental membrane that carries blood vessels from umbilical cord to outer placental membrane and collects waste fluid
allantois
placental membrane that attaches to uterus and allows nutrient and gas exchange
chorion
mean length of the menstral cycle
28 days
resumption of this cellular event within oocyte occurs because of an LH surge
ovulation
embryonic germ cell tract that develops into digestive and respiratory systems
endoderm
site of AI deposition in the mare
cervix into uterus
major route of semen loss following insemination
retrograde loss
process that stimulates completion of meiosis 2 in mammals
fertilization
term for the developmental potential of cells in the early zygote
totipotat....
main method of sperm loss from tract after copulation
retrograde loss
Phagocytosis by these prevents sperm from getting to the uterus
neutrophils
part of the cortical reaction that prevents additional sperm from binding to oocyte
vitelline block
bitch mated by several males during estrus, sperm from all males can fertilize oocytes
superfecundation
conception can occur over a ____ day window or "fertile period
6-7
single cell embryo that eventually divides
zygote
female + male pronuclei (largest single cell in body)
ootid
increase in cell number without an increase in cell mass (mitosis)
cleavage
part of blastocyst that gives rise to the embryo proper
inner cell mass
part of blastocyst that gives rise to the chorion
tropoblast
primary germ cell layer that gives rise to GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands and urinary tract
Endoderm
primary germ cell layer that gives rise to muscle and skeletal systems
mesoderm
primary germ cell layer that gives rise to CNS and skin
ectoderm
vestigial structure that forms the primitive endoderm
yolk sac
placental membrane that attatches to uterus, and allows nutrient transfer
chorion
placental membrane that carries umbilical blood vessels to and fuses with chorion, collects fetal waste
allantois
fluid filled protective sac surrounding fetus
amnion
biochemical signal that prevents luteolysis, results in maintenance of pregnancy (humans-hCG; sow-estrogen; ewe-oIFN tau; cow-bINF tau)
maternal recognition of pregnancy
cow & ewe pregnancy recognition factor, produced by embryo
interferon tau
equine pregnancy recognition factor- conceptus presence prevents luteolysis
proteins+estrogen
sow pregnancy recognition factor, increases contractions to help distribute conceptuses into horns
estrogen
provides metabolic interface between conceptus and dam, maintains pregnancy, promotes fetal and mammary gland growth (acts as organ of pregnancy and endocrine gland)
placenta
type of placenta with uniform villi distribution over chorion, what species?
diffuse, sow and mare
type of placenta with villi that form zone around middle of conceptus, what species?
zonary, cats and dogs
form of placenta with villi that form a regionalized disc, what species?
discoid, humans and rodents
type of placenta with villi located on button like structures called cotyledons, what species?
cotyledonary, cow, sheep, goat
point of interface between fetal and maternal cotyledons
placentome
stimulates mammary gland of dam
placental lactogen
during embryogenesis, when groups of unspecialized cells develop into functional, recognizable groups of cells with specific functions
differentiation
functional but simple version of the kidney, drained by ducts to urogenital sinus, associated with undifferentiated gonad
Mesonephros
after the mesonephros shrinks, the ____ develops and gonads increase in size
paramesonephros
________ duct becomes the ureter
metanephric
becomes functional kidney
metanephros
become the epididymus and ductus deferns (male tract)
mesonephric tubules/ducts
SRY is absent in which tract
female (x chromosome)
testis determining factor, the sex determining region on the Y chromosone is also known as
SRY
intestine passes through inguinal canal
inguinal herniation
becomes the oviduct, utuerus, cervic and vagina (female tract)
paramesonephric ducts
when a heifer is born as a twin with the bull, the heifer is sterile and the bull is normal
freemartin formation
normal fetal positioning
forefeet/nose on cervix (sow cats and dogs can be backwards)
fetal mass nears ingerent uterine space limitations and initiates fetal endocrine stress response (ACTH -->adrenal gland-->cortisol)
fetal hypoth-pituitary-adrenal-axis
cervix dialates, behavioral changes, progesterone block and cervical plug released, estrogen increases and lubrication increases, relaxin, fetal entry into birth canal, pressure against cervix
first stage on of parturition
increases stretching of pelvic ligaments
relaxin
repeated myometrial contractions caused by an increase of oxytocin
ferguson reflex
feta expulsion, head and front feet first, strong myometrial and abdominal contractions, fetal hypoxia induces fetus to move, chorion and amnion break, umbilical cord broken
second stage of parturition
placental expulsion
third phase of parturition
uterus returns to normal size, shape and tone after parturition, expulsion of blood and tissue, endometrial repair, elimination of bacteria fromreproductive tract
puerperium period
thickened epidermal tissue that gives rise to the mammary gladn
mammary ridge
fetal mammary ridge development + postnatal development
mammogenesis
epidermal tisse developes inward into mesenchyme
primary mammary bud development
primary bud branches as it develops into dermis
secondary bud development
duct system and myoepithelial cell formation
canalization
mammogenesis from birth to puberty
isometric mammary gland growth
mammogenesis from puberty to pregnancy
alloetric mammary growth
these pregnancy hormones stimulate mammary epithelium to produce milk
prolactin, adrenal hormones, placental lactogen
passive immunologic protection, first milk has increased immunoglobulins since fetus has no placental antibody transfer
colostrum
neuroendocrine response, sensory activation of the suckling process (teat stimulation, auditory, tactile, visual)
milk ejection
hormone that is delivered to the mammary gland and targets myoepithelial cells to contract, squeezing milk into the ducts
oxytocin
gland recovery and secretory development for sunsequent pregnancy
involution of mammary gland
hormone that synchronies estrus by inducing luteolysis
Exongenous PGF2a
hormone used to induce abortion
PGF2a
elevates blood progesterone, prevents LH surge, estrus and ovulation. Primes reproductive system in induces estrus in anestrous animals (after removal you can synchronize estrus and facilitate breeding) long term use leads to decreased fertility
exogenous progestogens to manipulate estrous cycle
7 day estrus advancer in cows, no CL during
Easi-Breed CIDR
induces estrus cycles in transition mares, suppresses undesirable estrus behavior, maintains pregnancy, allows for scheduled breeding
regumate
commonly used commercial protocol for dairy cows, uses both GnRH and PGF2a, allows almost 100% of cows to be inseminated at a 40% conception rate
ovsynch protocol
used to manipulate the menstrual cycle by blocking ovulation (mimics luteolysis and initiates menses)
progestogens
plan B, the morning after pill blocks ovulation and is a high dose of _____
progestin
long day breeders (start when day length increases)
horses and wild cats
short day breeders (start when day length decreases)
sheep, goats, elk, deer
monoestrus animals
dogs, wolves, fox
polyestus animals
cattle, swine, rodents, cats
20% of estrous cycle, follicle growth and estrogen dominance
follicular phase
80% of estrous cycle, corpus luteum and progesterone dominance
luteal phase
result of low GnRH which leads to decreased LH and FSH, stimulation driven by photoperiod and melatonin
seasonal anestrus
steroid secreting structure that fills the void left by ovulating follicle
CL
name of the endocrine gland located in the ventral brain, xonsists of paired erve cell bodies and releases neuropeptides
hypothalamus
a nerve cell body that controls basal secretions
tonic center (arcuate)
a nerve cell body that controls episodic surges
surge center (preopic)
hormone that is synthesized and secreted from the paraventricular nucleus, where is it stored?
Oxytocin, is stored in the Posterior pituitary
causes milk let down and smooth muscle contractions in fetus to expel fetus
oxytocin
secreted by the supra-optic nucleus
vasopressin
peptide hormone secreted from the arcuate nucleus
GnRH
cause abnormal developement and birth defects when crossing the fetal barrier
teratogenic substances