ANS 3319C FINAL EXAM

estrogen

steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus

nurse cells that stimulate follicle development

granulosa

highly vascularized, non-secretory areas that give rise to ruminant placenta

caruncles

steroid secreting cells located in the interstitial area of the testes.

leydig cells

section of the brain that controls balance, speed and acceleration and trajectory

cerebellum

anatomical structure that allows transport of sperm from epididymus to amulla

vas deferens

where in the cell are steroid hormone receptors located which elicit a slow response

nucleus

the S shaped structure which allows the fibroelastic penis to retract inside the body

sigmoid flexture

orimary section of the epididymus where sperm are stored

tail

general name of suspensory tissue connected to ovary, oviduct, and uterus

broad ligament

name of the bone that houses and protects the pituitary gland

sphenoid bone

ovarian or testes glycoprotein that inhibits FSH

inhibin

compound that serves as a precursor to steroid hormones

cholesterol

relative to its structural anatomy, type of penis found in stallion

vascular

developmental stage of ovarian follicle with multiple layers of granulosa cells and a fluid filled antrum

tertiary

nurse cells that stimulate sperm cell production

sertoli

protein hormone produced by ovary that stimulates FSH secretion

Activin

component of the broad ligament which supports the ovary

mesovarium

specific anatomical structure within the testis where spermatogenesis occurs

seminiferous tubules

striated muscle that contracts around crura to hold blood in penis during an erection

ischiocavernosus muscle

hormone of pregnancy

progesterone

hormones composed of long chains of amino acids with carbohydrates attatched

glycoproteins

secondary messanger that stimulates intracellular actions

cAMP

where in the cell are receptors located for protein hormones

cell membrane

specific mechanism of blood flow used to lower testes temperature

counter current heat exchange

vascular structure that facilitates counter current heat exchange

pampiniform plexus

muscle that facilitates blood flow to the pampiniform plexus

cremaster muscle

physiological process of the testis that is not perturbed in the cryptorchid animal

testosterone production by the leydig cells

hormone that stimulates follicle recruitment

FSH

cell type in testis targeted by FSH

sertoli cells

primary steroid hormone secreted by cells within the ovarian follicle

estrogen

follicle cells that secrete estrogen

granulosa

pituitary hormone that stimulates ovulation

LH

cell type in the testis that is the target of LH

leydig

the substrate for prostoglandin synthesis

arachidonic acid

target tissue directly innervated by neuron, neurotransmitters released

simple neural reflex (ex- ejaculation)

lipid hormone that enhances luteal regression and is a vasoconstricor

prostoglandin F2alpha

hormone that acts on myoepithelial cells of mammary glands to stimulate milk let down

oxytocin

pituitary hormone that acts on sertoli and granulosa cells

FSH

ovarian steroid hormone that promotes the maintenance of pregnancy

progesterone

steroid hormone essential for spermatogenesis

testosterone

specific location in the testes where spermatogenesis occurs

seminiferous tubules

method of semen collection used to collect bull

electroejaculator

cellular process resulting in stem cell renewl and replacement of A1 spermatogonia

mitosis/proliferation

event occuring during the second stage of coitus in a dog that has a duration of 5-45 minutes

copulatory tie

age of first behavioral estrus and or ovulation

pubertal age

specific section of sperm head involved in digestion of zona pellucida of oocyte

acrosome

sperm swimming in progressive linear patterns during semen evaluation

individual motility

in what species does the W chromosone code for female

avian

technical term for penis entering vagina

intromission

pituitary hormone that acts on leydig and thecal cells

LH

cellular process resulting in DNA crossing over leading to genetic diversity of sperm

meiosis 1

short range of investigative behavior used to detect pheremones via vomeronasal gland

flehmen response

horomone responsible for the release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary

GnRH

portin of ejaculate filtered out during collection of sperm sample

gel fraction/ gel plug

ovarian structure responsible for secreting the hormone responsible for lordosis

follicle

hormone produced by adipocytes, which may enhance the onset of puberty

leptin

expulsion of semen from penis into the female tract

ejaculation

steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus

estrogen

reproductive structure that produces the luteolyic signal in farm animals

uterus

hormone that stimulates the development of accessory CL in the mare

eCG

reaction that allows sperm cells to digest and penetrate the zona pellucida

acrosomal reaction

powerful phagocytic white blood cells found in uterus that digest sperm cells

neutrophils

thought to be the origin of the luteolyic signal in humans

ovary

embryonic germ cell layer that develops into muscle and skeleton

mesoderm

group of cells in blasocyst that eventually develope into the embryo proper

inner cell mass

biochemical process that occurs to sperm and infers fertility on sperm

capacitation

biochemical reaction that initiates the zona block and prevents poly spermy

cortical reaction

resumption of this cellular event within the oocyte that occurs because of LH surge

Meiosis 1

embryonic germ cell layer that develops into skin, nails, hooves, and central nervous system

ectoderm

maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in sheep and cattle which is secreted by conceptus

interferon tau

lipid derived hormone that has luteolyic actions

prostoglandin f2alpha

cells of the blastocyst that eventually develop into chorion of the placenta

trophoblasts

hormone produced by chorion and basis for pregnancy testing in humans

hCG

early embryonic ducts that eventually develop into the female reproductive tract

paramesonephric

sexual differentiation is controlled by a gene on the Y chromosome called

TDF

female reproductive structure that serves as both a barrier and reservoir for sperm

cervix

early embryonic ducts that eventually develop into the male reproductive tract

mesonephric

protein hormone secreted by corpus luteum involved in luteolysis in ruminants

oxytocin

primary nutrient source for fetus, which crosses the placental barrier by facilitated diffusion

glucose

programmed cell death, which is involved in luteal regression

apoptosis

embryonic cell layer that develops into the digestive tract and respiratory systems

endoderm

animal that has either one or two undecended testicles

cryptorchid

fluid filled protective sac surrounding the uterus

amnion

neurohoromone released into the circulatory system, acts on a remote target tissue

neuroendocrine regulation (milk let down)

chemical messenger secreted from a ductless gland or tissue that is carried in the blood to a remote target tissue to initiate change in cellular activity

hormones

neural control center for neuropeptides

hypothalamus

sella turcica

the cavity where the pituitary is housed

arcuate nucleus

tonic center, controls basal secretion

preotpic nucleus

surge center, controls preovulatory surge

hormone that induces smooth muscle contraction, cervical dilation, parturition and milk letdown

oxytocin

hormone that maintains the h20 balance via kidney

antidiuretic hormone

bi-lobed gland housed in the sella turcica of the sephenoid bone

pituitary gland

embryologically formed from the roof of the mouth, has no physical connection with hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

capillary network that allows for the transfer of hypothalamic hormones to anterior pituitary

hypothalamic hypophyseal portal system

embruologically formed from brain, directly connected to the hypothalaumus via nerve tissue

posterior pituitary

regulate intracellular biochemical actions, bind to specific receptors, have a short half life and act at low concentrations

hormones

few to several amino acids

peptides

long chains of amino acids

proteins

proteins hormone plus carbohydrates

glycoproteins

derived from arachidonic acid, lipid hormones

prostoglandins

used to determine hormone concentrations using radioactive hormones that bind inversely

RIA radioimmmunoassy

evaluates presence or absence of hormones without use of radioactive hormone- basis of home pregnancy test

ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

specific cells in target tissues that have a specific affinity for hormones

hormone receptors

hormone + receptor complex

lock and key mechanism

cell membrane hormone receptors- slow response

protein hormones

nuclear hormone receptors

steroid hormones

paired glands, secrete fluid directly into pelvic urethra, dog and cat do not have

vesicular glands/ seminal vesicles

only accessory gland in dog, secretion cleans and lubricates urethra

prostate gland

paired fibrous glands that secrete alkaline fluid to clean and lubricate urethra

bulbourethral glands

muscle that contracts to empty the pelvic urethra during ejeculation

bulbospongeosis muscle

muscle that contracts crus and holds blood in penis to maintain erection

ischiocavernosus muscle

center of the hypothalamus responsible for GnRH spikes, and positive and negative feedback

surge center

center of the hypothalamus responsible for basal GnRH secretion

Tonic center

the hypothalamus is inherently ________

female

fetal estrogen ______ cross the blood brain barrier

does not

the ability for the hypothalamus to secrete enough GnRH to induce an LH spike

the limiting factor of puberty

associated with "fatness" and the onset of puberty, possibly associated with increased LH secretion

Leptin

environmental factors, season of birth, social cues, genetics

external factors of puberty onset

chemical compounds secreted by body are volatile and detected by the olfactory system

pheromones

exocytocis during fetrilization, digests the zona pellucida

acrosome reaction

progression of sperm through a series of cellular associations at one location along a seminiferous tubule, all 8 cell stages

cycle of seminieferous epithelium

how many weeks before insult appears in ejaculate after heat shock?

2-4 weeks

the sequential ordering of stages along the length of seminiferous tubules (like the wave of fans) that provides a constant supply of sperm for the epididymus

spermatogenic wave

detect apoptotic cells by detecting DNA nicks in sperm cells, detects DNA fragmentation

TUNEL assay

uses thermal and mechanical stimulation to stimulate ejaculation- water stimulates pressure and temperature

Artificial vagina

parallel electrodes minimize unwanted muscle contraction but stimulates the accessory glands and pelvic urethra

electroejaculator

technique used to obtain semen from a boar

hand-glove technique

incorporating fluorochrome dye into sperm membrane, X has increased dye and produces greater light than Y when activated- a way to sort cells

flow cytometry

seminal fluid and sperm move into the pelvic urethra

emission

steroid hormone that stimulates cervical secretions during estrus

estrogen

location of semen deposition in the mare during natural mating

fornix vagina

secretory epithelium lining the lumen of the female reproductive tract

mucosa

steroid hormone that assists in forming cervical plug of pregnancy

progesterone

common name of cellular mass that comprises 70% of the testes

parenchyma

hypothalamic hormone that is involved in water balance of the body

antidiuretic hormone

primary energy source found in seminal fluid

fructose

Connective tissue and outer covering of the female reproductive tract

serosa

peptide hormone secreted from the arcuate nucleus

GnRH

anatomical structure that collects oocytes after they are ovulated from the ovary

infundibulum

portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus

mesometrium

portion of the broad ligament that supports the oviduct

mesosalpinx

portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary

mesovarium

anatomical structure in the male that engorges with blood during mating and is associated with the copulatory tie

bulbis glandis

specific layer of the uterus consitsting of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle

myometrium

biochemical class of hormone produced by the hypothalamus which promotes pituitary hormone production

neuropeptide

pituitary hormone involved in lactation

prolactin

term for a ligand that binds a hormone receptor with greater affinity than the native hormone and blocks biological activity

antagonist

substrate for lipid hormone production

arachidonic acid

first steroid hormone to by synthesized

progesterone

last steroid hormone to be synthesized

estrogen

sertoli cell derived hormone which drives regression of the fetal ducts in the female

anti-mullerian

animal derived from two zygotes

chimera

freemartin cattle display the reproductive behavior of which sex

male

which chromosome is the gene SRY located

Y

animal derived from mating between species

hybrid

puerperium process to return uterus to normal size after parturition

involution

protein hormone required to stretch pelvic ligaments

relaxin

term for a difficult birth

dystocia

steroid hormone which prevents myometrial contraction and the onset of parturition

progesterone

pituitary hormone involved in the fergeson reflex

oxytocin

fetal steroid hormone directly responsible for initiation of parturition

cortisol

lipid hormone responsible for luteolysis and myometrial contractions

PGF2a

steroid hormone upregulated during parturition that increases uterine secretions

estrogen

stage 3 of parturition involves expulsion of what

placenta

fetal pituitary hormone required to initiate parturition

adrenal corticitropin (ACTH)

fetal parameter that inititates the fetal endocrine stress response to induce parturition

fetal size

specialized structure which secretes eCG to maintain CL progesterone synthesis

endometrial cup

hormone produced by chorion and basis for OTC pregnancy test

hCG

large molecule that passes through the hemochorial placenta to infer passive immunity

immunoglobulin

name of placental cell type that secrets PAGs during early ruminant pregnancy

binucleate giant cell

maternal fetal barrier present in mare placenta

epitheliochorial

placental membrane whos primary function is to provide a protective environment for the embryo

amnion

chromosome that contains the testis determining factor gene

Y-chromosome

volatile chemicals secreted by the body that hastens the onset of puberty

pheremones

animal with uniform and reguar estrous cycles throughout the year

polyestrus

portion of sperm cell that contains enzymes that digest the zona pellucida

acrosome

animal with one estrus cycle per year is known as

monoestrus

period without regular estrous which is usually temporary

anestrus

absence of menses in reproductive aged women

Amennorrhea

cessation of menstrual cycles due to a depletion of ovarian follicles

menaopause

animal with a cluster of estrus cycles during a certain time of year

seasonally polyestrus

of the two sex chromosomes, this chromosome has greater DNA content

X-chromosome

hormone that enhances GnRH secretion during decreased light periods in sheep

melatonin

metabolic power plant of the cell is located where

mitochondria

courtship behavior called the lip curl is the

flehman response

most common assessment method of viability of freshly collected semen

motility

physical response that allows aspiration of fluids across vomeronasal glands

flehman response

age at first behavioral estrus- what its known as

puberty

specific section of the sperm that contains the mitochondria to produce energy necessary for sperm movement

mid piece

cryoprotectant used in the freezing of stallion semen

glycerol

stage of spermatogenesis that occurs in basal compartment and consists of cell divisions

mitosis

section of the sperm head that contains enzymes essential for fertilization of the oocyte

acrosome

the LH surge is responsible for what event, and what structure results from this event

ovulation, CL

primary hypothalamic hormone that regulates reproduction

GnRH

hormone produced by adipocytes which may enhance the onset of puberty

leptin

fence line exposure of prepubertal gilts to boars, increases or decreases age at puberty

decreases

mounting, intromission, and ejaculation are behaviors during

copulatory

increased nutrition in farm animals increases or decreases the age of puberty

decreases

measurement that is an accurate predictor of puberty in the bull

testicular circumfrance

volatile compounds in urine secretions that can be sensed by the olfactory system

pheremones

specific cellular process that allows for genetic diversity in sperm production

meiosis 1

steroid hormone produced during luteal phase of estrus cycle that regulates LH secretory patterns which controls follical developement and maturation

progesterone

anatomical structure that is the origin of luteolytic signal in farm animals

uterus

placental hormone that stimulates accessory CL in mare

eCG

maternal recognition of pregnancy signal in sheep and cattle, secreted by conceptus

interferon tau

anatomical structure that is the origin of the luteolytic signal in humans

ovary

large proteins that do not cross placenta in farm animals but appear in colostrum

antibodies

group of cells in blastocyst that develops into the embryo proper

inner cell mass

process that facilitates removal of proteins from sperm to infer fertility

capacitation

specific glycoprotein on outer oocyte membrane that acts like a receptor for the cell membrane during fertilization

ZP3

cells of the blastocyst that develop into chorion of the placenta

trophoblast

the cow, pig and mare have what type of placenta based on the maternal-fetal layer

epitheliochorial

cats and dogs have what kind of placenta based on the maternal fetal tissue later

endotheliochorial

structure composed of maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon in ruminant

placentome

what physical activity has to occur in rabbits and cats to stimulate ovulation

copulation (penis enters vagina)

protein hormone secreted by the CL which is involved in luteolysis in ruminants

oxytocin

in the human, the fertile period around ovulation where conception can occur lasts

6-7 days

biochemical reaction that initiates the zona block and vitelline block to prevent polyspermy during fertilization

cortical reaction

placental membrane that carries blood vessels from umbilical cord to outer placental membrane and collects waste fluid

allantois

placental membrane that attaches to uterus and allows nutrient and gas exchange

chorion

mean length of the menstral cycle

28 days

resumption of this cellular event within oocyte occurs because of an LH surge

ovulation

embryonic germ cell tract that develops into digestive and respiratory systems

endoderm

site of AI deposition in the mare

cervix into uterus

major route of semen loss following insemination

retrograde loss

process that stimulates completion of meiosis 2 in mammals

fertilization

term for the developmental potential of cells in the early zygote

totipotat....

main method of sperm loss from tract after copulation

retrograde loss

Phagocytosis by these prevents sperm from getting to the uterus

neutrophils

part of the cortical reaction that prevents additional sperm from binding to oocyte

vitelline block

bitch mated by several males during estrus, sperm from all males can fertilize oocytes

superfecundation

conception can occur over a ____ day window or "fertile period

6-7

single cell embryo that eventually divides

zygote

female + male pronuclei (largest single cell in body)

ootid

increase in cell number without an increase in cell mass (mitosis)

cleavage

part of blastocyst that gives rise to the embryo proper

inner cell mass

part of blastocyst that gives rise to the chorion

tropoblast

primary germ cell layer that gives rise to GI tract, respiratory tract, endocrine glands and urinary tract

Endoderm

primary germ cell layer that gives rise to muscle and skeletal systems

mesoderm

primary germ cell layer that gives rise to CNS and skin

ectoderm

vestigial structure that forms the primitive endoderm

yolk sac

placental membrane that attatches to uterus, and allows nutrient transfer

chorion

placental membrane that carries umbilical blood vessels to and fuses with chorion, collects fetal waste

allantois

fluid filled protective sac surrounding fetus

amnion

biochemical signal that prevents luteolysis, results in maintenance of pregnancy (humans-hCG; sow-estrogen; ewe-oIFN tau; cow-bINF tau)

maternal recognition of pregnancy

cow & ewe pregnancy recognition factor, produced by embryo

interferon tau

equine pregnancy recognition factor- conceptus presence prevents luteolysis

proteins+estrogen

sow pregnancy recognition factor, increases contractions to help distribute conceptuses into horns

estrogen

provides metabolic interface between conceptus and dam, maintains pregnancy, promotes fetal and mammary gland growth (acts as organ of pregnancy and endocrine gland)

placenta

type of placenta with uniform villi distribution over chorion, what species?

diffuse, sow and mare

type of placenta with villi that form zone around middle of conceptus, what species?

zonary, cats and dogs

form of placenta with villi that form a regionalized disc, what species?

discoid, humans and rodents

type of placenta with villi located on button like structures called cotyledons, what species?

cotyledonary, cow, sheep, goat

point of interface between fetal and maternal cotyledons

placentome

stimulates mammary gland of dam

placental lactogen

during embryogenesis, when groups of unspecialized cells develop into functional, recognizable groups of cells with specific functions

differentiation

functional but simple version of the kidney, drained by ducts to urogenital sinus, associated with undifferentiated gonad

Mesonephros

after the mesonephros shrinks, the ____ develops and gonads increase in size

paramesonephros

________ duct becomes the ureter

metanephric

becomes functional kidney

metanephros

become the epididymus and ductus deferns (male tract)

mesonephric tubules/ducts

SRY is absent in which tract

female (x chromosome)

testis determining factor, the sex determining region on the Y chromosone is also known as

SRY

intestine passes through inguinal canal

inguinal herniation

becomes the oviduct, utuerus, cervic and vagina (female tract)

paramesonephric ducts

when a heifer is born as a twin with the bull, the heifer is sterile and the bull is normal

freemartin formation

normal fetal positioning

forefeet/nose on cervix (sow cats and dogs can be backwards)

fetal mass nears ingerent uterine space limitations and initiates fetal endocrine stress response (ACTH -->adrenal gland-->cortisol)

fetal hypoth-pituitary-adrenal-axis

cervix dialates, behavioral changes, progesterone block and cervical plug released, estrogen increases and lubrication increases, relaxin, fetal entry into birth canal, pressure against cervix

first stage on of parturition

increases stretching of pelvic ligaments

relaxin

repeated myometrial contractions caused by an increase of oxytocin

ferguson reflex

feta expulsion, head and front feet first, strong myometrial and abdominal contractions, fetal hypoxia induces fetus to move, chorion and amnion break, umbilical cord broken

second stage of parturition

placental expulsion

third phase of parturition

uterus returns to normal size, shape and tone after parturition, expulsion of blood and tissue, endometrial repair, elimination of bacteria fromreproductive tract

puerperium period

thickened epidermal tissue that gives rise to the mammary gladn

mammary ridge

fetal mammary ridge development + postnatal development

mammogenesis

epidermal tisse developes inward into mesenchyme

primary mammary bud development

primary bud branches as it develops into dermis

secondary bud development

duct system and myoepithelial cell formation

canalization

mammogenesis from birth to puberty

isometric mammary gland growth

mammogenesis from puberty to pregnancy

alloetric mammary growth

these pregnancy hormones stimulate mammary epithelium to produce milk

prolactin, adrenal hormones, placental lactogen

passive immunologic protection, first milk has increased immunoglobulins since fetus has no placental antibody transfer

colostrum

neuroendocrine response, sensory activation of the suckling process (teat stimulation, auditory, tactile, visual)

milk ejection

hormone that is delivered to the mammary gland and targets myoepithelial cells to contract, squeezing milk into the ducts

oxytocin

gland recovery and secretory development for sunsequent pregnancy

involution of mammary gland

hormone that synchronies estrus by inducing luteolysis

Exongenous PGF2a

hormone used to induce abortion

PGF2a

elevates blood progesterone, prevents LH surge, estrus and ovulation. Primes reproductive system in induces estrus in anestrous animals (after removal you can synchronize estrus and facilitate breeding) long term use leads to decreased fertility

exogenous progestogens to manipulate estrous cycle

7 day estrus advancer in cows, no CL during

Easi-Breed CIDR

induces estrus cycles in transition mares, suppresses undesirable estrus behavior, maintains pregnancy, allows for scheduled breeding

regumate

commonly used commercial protocol for dairy cows, uses both GnRH and PGF2a, allows almost 100% of cows to be inseminated at a 40% conception rate

ovsynch protocol

used to manipulate the menstrual cycle by blocking ovulation (mimics luteolysis and initiates menses)

progestogens

plan B, the morning after pill blocks ovulation and is a high dose of _____

progestin

long day breeders (start when day length increases)

horses and wild cats

short day breeders (start when day length decreases)

sheep, goats, elk, deer

monoestrus animals

dogs, wolves, fox

polyestus animals

cattle, swine, rodents, cats

20% of estrous cycle, follicle growth and estrogen dominance

follicular phase

80% of estrous cycle, corpus luteum and progesterone dominance

luteal phase

result of low GnRH which leads to decreased LH and FSH, stimulation driven by photoperiod and melatonin

seasonal anestrus

steroid secreting structure that fills the void left by ovulating follicle

CL

name of the endocrine gland located in the ventral brain, xonsists of paired erve cell bodies and releases neuropeptides

hypothalamus

a nerve cell body that controls basal secretions

tonic center (arcuate)

a nerve cell body that controls episodic surges

surge center (preopic)

hormone that is synthesized and secreted from the paraventricular nucleus, where is it stored?

Oxytocin, is stored in the Posterior pituitary

causes milk let down and smooth muscle contractions in fetus to expel fetus

oxytocin

secreted by the supra-optic nucleus

vasopressin

peptide hormone secreted from the arcuate nucleus

GnRH

cause abnormal developement and birth defects when crossing the fetal barrier

teratogenic substances