ankylosis
loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery
arthralgia
Joint Pain
arthritis
Inflammation condition of the joint
arthrodynia
pain in a joint
arthropathy
joint disease
burstis
inflammation of bursa
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondropathy
cartilage disease
discospondylitis
inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
exostosis
benign growth on the bone surface
gouty arthritis
inflammation of joints caused by accumulation of uric acid
hip dysplasia
abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly
intervertebral disc disease
rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc found between the vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots
kyphosis
dorsal curvature of the spine; hunchback
legg-calve-perthes disease
idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs
lordosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
luxation
dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint
myeloma
tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
ostealgia
bone pain
osteitis
Inflammation of the bone
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease, most commonly associated with aging (wear-and-tear arthritis)
osteochondrosis
degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
osteonecrosis
death of bone tissue
osteoporosis
abnormal loss of bone density
osteosclerosis
abnormal hardening of bone
periostitis
inflammation of the fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
rheumatois arthritis
auto immune- system attacks own cartilage and joint linings
sequestrum
piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from the adjacent healthy bone
spondylitis
inflammation of the vertebrae
spondylosis
any degenerative disorder of the vertebrae
spondylosis deformans
chronic degeneration of the articular processes and the development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae
subluxation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint
avulsion fracture
broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull
callus
bulging deposit around the area of the break as a bone heals
closed fracture
broken bone with no open wound
comminuted fracture
bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
crepitation
dry crackling sound or sensation due to grating of the ends of damaged bone
greenstick fracture
partial fracture - will bend on one side and break on the other; incomplete fracture
immobililzation
act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast
manipulation
attempted realignment of the bone
oblique fracture
broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis
physeal fracture
bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
transverse fracture
fracture line is at a right angle to the bone's long axis
amputation
a surgical removal of all or part of a limb
arthrodesis
fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means
chemonucleolysis
process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance
craniotomy
a surgical opening through the skull
laminectomy
surgical removal of the dorsal arch of a vertebra
onychectomy
surgical removal of a claw
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
osteocentesis
surgical puncture of the bone
osteoddesis
fusion of bones
osteopexy
surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bone
osteostomy
surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone
osteotomy
a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone
trephinatioin
process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine
trephine
a surgical instrument used to remove sections of bone from the skull
ambulation
walking about or moving
fibr/o, fibros/o
combining form for fibrous tissue
my/o
combining form for muscle
fascia
a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc
fasci/o, fasc/i
combining forms for fascia
tendons
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
tend/o, tendin/o ten/o
combining forms for tendon
linea alba
fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles
aponeurousis
a fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and its means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
kinesiology
study of movement
antagonistic
muscles that work against or opposite of each other
synergists
muscles that contract at the same time as another muscle to help movement or support movement
sys-
together
erg
work
contraction
tightening
relaxation
lessening of tension
neuromuscular junction
the point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle cells
tonus
muscle tone
muscle orgin
place where a muscle begins or originates and is the more fixed attachment or the end of the muscle closest to the mid line
muscle insertion
place where muscle ends, or inserts, and is more moveable end or portion of the muscle furthest from the mid line
range of motion
types of muscle movement
abductor
muscle that moves a part away from the midline
adductor
muscle that moves a part toward the midline
flexor
muscle that bends a limb at its joint or decreases the joint angle
extensor
a muscle that straightens a limb at a joint
levator
muscle that raises or elevates a part
depressor
muscle that lowers or depresses a part
rotator
muscle that turns a body part on its axis
supinator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward; palm upward
pronator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward: palm downward
pectoral muscles
muscles of the chest
pector
chest
epaxial muscles
located above the pelvic axis
intercostal muscles
The muscles between the ribs that contract to lift and the ribs and move them out when we breath in.
infraspinatus muscles
located beneath the spine of the scapula
supraspinatus muscles
located above the spine of the scapula
inferior
muscle location meaning below or deep
superior
muscle location meaning above
medius
muscle location meaning middle
externus
muscle location meaning outer
internus
muscle location meaning inner
orbicularis
muscle location meaning muscles surrounding another structure
rectus
meaning straight; in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
oblique
meaning slanted; obliques muscles slant outward away from the mid line
transverse
means crosswise; transverse muscles form crosswise to the mid line
sphincter
means tight band; sphincter muscles are ring-like and constrict the opening the passageway
biceps
generally have two divisions
bi=two
triceps
generally have three divisions
tri= three
quadriceps
generally have four divisions
quad= four
azygous
muscle not paired
minimus
small muscles
maximus
large muscles
latissimus
broad muscles
longissimus
narrow muscles
deltoid
muscle shaped like the greek letter delta or triangle
quadratus
muscles are square or four-sided
rhomboideus
muscles diamond shaped
scalenus
muscles are unequally three sided
serratus
muscles are saw-toothed
teres
muscles are cylindrical
sartorius muscle
a muscle in the thigh that helps to rotate the leg into the sitting position assumed by a tailor
gemellus
twinned muscles;
gemellus means twin
gastrocnemius muscle
leg muscle that resembles the shape of the stomach
gastr/o
means stomach
kneme
means leg
electromyography
process of recording the electrical activity of muscle
electromyogram
record of the strength of the muscle contraction caused by electrical currents
adhesion
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally
ataxia
lack of muscular coordination; voluntary movement
atonic
lacking muscle control
dystrophy
defective growth
fasciitis
inflammation of the fascia
fibroma
tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue
hernia
protrusion of a part from its normal location
laxity
looseness
leiomyositis
inflammation of smooth tissue
myasthenia
muscle weakness
myoclonus
spasm of muscle
myopathy
abnormal condition or disease of muscle
myositis
inflammation of voluntary muscles
myotonia
delayed relaxation of a muscle after contraction
tendinitis
inflammation of the band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
tentany
muscle spasms or twitching
myectomy
surgical removal of a portion of a muscle
myoplasty
surgical repair of a muscle
myotomy
a surgical incision into a muscle
tenectomy
surgical removal of a part of a tendon
tenotomy
surgical division of a tendon
aperture
opening
canal
tunnel
condyle
rounded projection (that works with another bone
crest
high projection or boarder projection
crista
ridge
dens
tooth-like structure
eminence
surface projection
facet
smooth area
foramen
hole
fossa
trench or hollow depressed area
fovea
small pit
head
major protrusion
lamina
thin, flat plate
line
low projection on ridge
malleous
rounded projection (distal end of tibia or fibula)
meatus
passage or opening
process
projection
protuberance
projecting part
ramus
branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
sinus
space or cavity
spine
sharp projection
sulcus
groove
suture
seam
trochanter
broad, flat projection (on femur)
trochela
pulley-shaped structure in which other structure pass or articulate
tubercle
small, rounded surface projection
tubersity
projecting part
arthrocentesis
Surgical puncture of a joint for removal of fluid
arthrography
injection of a joint with contrast material
arthroscopy
visual examination of a joint with an arthroscope and television camera
raidology
study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation; used to detect fractures and diseases on bones
scapula
large triangular shaped shoulder blade connected to the thorax
clavical
collar bone; slender bone that connects sternum to the scapula.
humerus
the bone of the proximal front limb, between the shoulder and the elbow
antebrachium
region of the two bone (radius and ulna) that form the forearm or distal front limb; The region from elbow to wrist
radius
cranial bone of the front limb
ulna
caudal bone of the front limb
olecranon
proximal projection of the ulna that forms a point of the elbow
carpal bones
wrist; Irregular-shaped bones. In small animals is called carpus, large animals called knee
metacarpals
bones found distal to the carpus identified in numbers from medial to lateral; hand bones
meta-
beyond
splint bones
two bones on either side of the cannon bone in horses (shin bone)
interosseous
a structure between bones, such as the muscles between the metacarpals
phalanges
bones of the fingers and toes
phalanx
singular bone of the digit (one finger/toe)
(Phalanx 3 or P3 maybe called claw in nonhooved animals)
digits
Fingers
dewclaw
functionless claw projecting caudally from ruminant fetlock
ungulates
animals with hooves
fetlock joint
joint between cannon bone and long pastern bone of equine, joint between cannon bone and long pastern bone of equine
pastern joint
joint between the long and short pastern bones; , joint between p1 and p2
coffin joint
between short pastern and coffin bone of equine; joint between P2 and P3
onych/o
combining form for claw
onychectomy
dewclaw procedure in cats
sesamoid bones
Small nodular bones embedded in tendons or a joint capsule. Often found in the hands and feet, the largest is the patella.
navicular bone
sesamoid bone found in the hoof of a horse on the palmer or planter surface
pelvis
hip; bony structure including the ilium, ischium, pubis
ilium
largest of the pelvis; pair of blade-shape bone
sacroiliac joint
joint between the sacrum and the ilium
ischium
caudal pair of bones that help make up the pelvis
pubis
ventral pair of bones that help makes up the pelvis
pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones fuse together
acetabulum
large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where where the three bones of the pelvis meet
femur
The proximal bone of the hind or lower limb that is the longest and largest bone in the human body, extends from the hip to the knee
femoral head
head of the femur connected to femoral neck
femoral neck
the narrow area just below the head of the femur
trochanters
large, flat, broad projections on a femur bone
condyles
rounded projection
patella
large sesamoid bone rear limb; kneecap
stiffle joint
joint that houses the patella
popliteal
sesamoid bone int he rear limb on the caudal surface of the stiffle; region behind the knee
tibia
distal long and slender bone of the rear limb
fibula
large weight bearing bone distal long bone of the rear limb
crus
area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock; the leg from the knee to foot
tarsus
small animals irregular shaped bones; ankle
hock
large animals irregular shaped bones; ankle
talus
short the bone in the ankle that articulates with the leg bones to form the ankle joint
calcaneus
long lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsals
axial skeleton
basic framework of the body, the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
appendicular skeleton
framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and the pelvic girdle
cranium
the part of the skull that encloses the brain
crani/o
combining form for skull
frontal
forms the roof of the cranial cavity or "front" or cranial portion of the skull
parietal
paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
occipital
caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum, or opening of the spinal cord, is located.
foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
magnum
large
temporal
the sides and base of cranium; of or relating to the temples
sphenoid
paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket
ethmoid
forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edges of the nares
brachycephalic
short, wide skull (ex: boxers, pugs, and Persian cats)
dolichocephalic
long narrow skull (ex: collies, greyhounds)
mesocephalic
average width to heads such as labrador retrievers
pterygoid
Forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
sinuses
air or fluid filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
zygomatic
projections from the temporal and frontal bones to form the cheekbone
maxilla
upper jaw bone
mandible
lower jaw bone
palatine
Bone that forms the hard palate
lacrimal
forms medial part of the orbit, or pertaining to tears
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
nasal
bridge of nose
vomer
base of nasal septum
nasal septum
dividing wall between the right and left nasal cavities
hyoid
bone suspended between the mandible and the laryngopharynx
vertebral column
spinal column or backbone; supports head and body and protects spinal column
vertebra
one of the bony segments of the spinal column
spondyl/o, vertebr/o
combining form for vertebra
vertebrae
segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone
vertebrae body
solid portion ventral to the spinal cord; disk-like, weight-bearing
vertebrae arch
Dorsal to the body; Hollow; surrounds spinal cord
vertebrae lamina
left or right dorsal half of the vertebrae arch
vertebrae spinous process
single production from the dorsal half of the vertebrae arch
transverse process
left or right lateral half of the vertebrae arch
articular process
paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum end of the vertebrae arch
foramen
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
vertebral foramen
opening for the spinal cord
intervertebral discs
cartilage pads between vertebrae;
absorb shock
allow spinal column to bend slightly
atlas
the 1st cervical vertebra
axis
the 2nd cervical vertebra
ribs
paired of bones forming the wall of the thorax
cost/o
combining form for ribs
sternum
the breastbone; forms the mid-line ventral portion of the rib cage
manubrium
cranial portion of the sternum; the upper part of the breastbone
sternum body
main long part of sternum
xiphoid process
caudal portion of the sternum
thoracic cavity
surrounds and protects the heart and lungs
cartilage
strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
meniscus
the curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints (i.e., stifle) that cushions pressure applied to the joint
chondr/o
cartilage
joints
places where bones connect: hinge, pivot, gliding, ball and socket
arth/o
joint
synarthroses
immovable joints usually united with fibrous connective tissue; allows no movement (i.e., suture)
amphiarthroses
slightly movable joints (i.e., symphysis)
diarthroses
allows free movement joints (i.e., synovial joints)
suture
jagged line where bones join and form a non-moveable joint
fontanelle
a soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth
symphysis
joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone
cartilaginous joint
halves of the mandible fuse at a symphysis to form one bone
mandibular symphysis
process of fusion to form one bone
pubic symphysis
fusion of two halves of the pelvis
synovial joints
ball and socket joints, (i.e., stifle joint, elbow joint, fetlock joint).
ball-and-socket joints
joints that allow a wide range of motion in many direction (i.e., hip, shoulder)
arthrodial joints (condyloid)
joints with oval projections that fit into a socket (i.e., carpal joint)
trochoid joints
pulley-shaped joints like the connection between the atlas to the axis
Hinged joints
joints that motion in one plane or direction (i.e., stifle and elbow joint)
Gliding joint
a freely moving joint glides over each other
saddle joint
found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation
ligament
a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
bursa
..., a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction
bursae
more that one bursa
burs/o
combining form for bursa
synovial membrane
inner lining of the synovial and bursae joints
synovi/o
combining form for synovial membrane and fluid
Ossification
formation of bone from fibrous tissue, continues until maturity.
cortical bone
hard, dense, strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone; also called compact bone
cancellous bone
lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones; also called spongy bone
epiphysis
wide end of long bone which is covered with articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone
diaphysis
Shaft or middle region of long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
proximal epiphysis
the end of the bone that is located nearest to the midline of the body
distal epiphysis
the end of the bone that is located farthest away from the midline
physis
cartilage segment of long bone that involves growth of the bone: also called growth plate or epiphyseal cartilage
metaphysis
flared portion of a long bone shaft, adjacent to the physis (growth plate); in adult animals, it is considered part of the epiphysis
periosteum
the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
endosteum
tough fibrous tissue that form the lining of the medullary cavity
long bone
bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity (i.e., femur)
short bones
cube shaped bones with no marrow cavity (i.e. carpals)
flat bones
thin flat bones, usually curved (i.e. ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull)
pneumatic bones
sinus containing bones (i.e., frontal bones of skull)
irregular bones
unpaired bones (i.e., vertebrae and hip)
sesamoid bones
small round bones embedded in tendons (i.e., patella)
epi-
above
physis
growth
dia-
between
peri-
surrounding
oste/o-
bone
-um
structure
endo-
within or inner
meta-
beyond
-malacia
abnormal softening
-sclerosis
abnormal hardening
osteoblasts
immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
-blasts
immature
-clasts
break
osteoclasts
phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue froomthe medullary cavity of bone
osteocytes
mature osteoblasts
hematopoietic
red bone marrow located in cancellous bone
hemat/o
blood
-poietic
pertaining to formation
medullary cavity
inner space of bone that contains yellow bone marrow
yellow bone marrow
mainly composed of fat fat cells and serves as a fat storage