Spay (ovariohysterectomy)
Remvoal of the ovaries and uterus
Castration or neuters
Removal of testes
Prolapsed uterus
Condition in which uterus turns inside out and is pushed through the vulva
Epidural
Injection of local anesthetic into fluid around spinal cord
Lodocaine
Anesthetic
Estrous cycle
Series of events that occurs in females in preparation of pregnancy and divides into 4 stages (proestrus, estrus, metestrus and diestrus)
Puberty
Start of sexual maturity
Polyestrus
Constant continuation of estrous cycle
Estrus
State of sexual excitement where the female is receptive to the male
Seasonal polyestrus
Continuation of estrous cycle until pregnancy during only certain times of the year
monoestrous
having one estrous cycle per year
Anestrus
Period when animal is not cycling through estrus
Pheromone
Chemicals emitted by animals that serve as a mean of sexual communication between the sexes, stimulating males to become sexually excited
Parturition
Giving birth and normally occurs at the time when fetus is able to survive on its own
Gestation
Pregnancy; carrying a pregnancy
Involution
Process by which the uterus returns to a normal state
Weaned
Removal from nursing
Obstetric
Having to do with pregnancy and delivery
Whelping
Birthing in dogs when within 24h before, dog's temp rectal drops below 100 degrees Fahrenheit
Cecarean Section (C-Section)
Surgical removal of a newborn
Ligated
Tied
Pyometra
Uterine infection that commonly occurs in older dogs and cats presented by removal of uterus and animal must be spayed
Cryptorchidism
Condition occurs when one or both testes fail to enter the scrotum
True or False: Luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones function in both the female and male.
True
The ______ produces sperm.
Male
The ______ is the only accessory sex gland present in the dog.
Prostate
Q: Parturition divides into ______ stages.
A: Three
Cyctic ovaries can interfere with ________.
Pregnancy/Reproduction
What organ becomes infected in Pyometra?
Uterus
Name one species that exhibits induced ovulation.
Bovine
In which trimester does the fetus experience the most rapid growth?
The last third
Which hormone released by the fetus stimulates partuition?
Placenta
When does the peak of lactation occur in dairy cattle?
2 months into their lactation
Does a dog's temperature rise or fall prior to whelping?
Fall (below 100)
Can females continue to produce additional numbers of eggs throughout life?
No
List the four stages of the estrous cycle.
1. Proestrus
2. Estrus
3. Metestrus
4. Diestrus
Describe a normal presentation in delivery of calves.
The calf pushes through the pelvis canal, the head works to dilate or open the cervix. As the calf is further delivered, the head becomes exposed by the time the umbilical vessels and pinched over the pelvis. In this presentation, the calf is not at risk
testes
housed in scrotum to produce sperm
scrotum
skin-covered sac lined by peritoneum which stretches within abdomen
cremaster muscle
in wall of scrotum allows testes to pull closer to abdomen
seminiferous tubules
in which sperm production occurs and is an endocrine gland
interstitial cells
found between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone
testosterone
hormone produced by interstitial cells to stimulate development of male's genitals and male's distinguishing features
epididymis
long convoluted tube attached to outer surface of testes and stores sperm
spermatic chord
leads from testis to abdomen and contains testicular artery, vein, nerve and ductus deferens
inguinal canal
small slit through which spermatic chord enters abdomen
ductus deferens
carries sperm from epididymis to prostate gland
prostate gland
at base of urinary gland surrounding urethra producing secretion which adds sperm to produce semen
bulbourethral gland and seminal vesicle
sex glands that are closely associated with urethra and contribute to fluid part of semen
urethra (male)
carries urine for excretion and semen for reproduction
prepuce
tubular, skin-covered sheath where penis lies within
sinuses
larger open areas that connect to veins
glans
tip of penis which contains erectile tissue
os penis
small bone within structure of penis
erectile tissue
swells during breeding resulting in animals being "tied
precursor cells
line seminiferous tubules produce sperm cells that undergo meiosis
luteinizing hormone (LH)
produced in male and female from pituitary gland to stimulate production testosterone by testes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FLH)
produced in male and female from pituitary gland to facilitate sperm production
vulva
external opening to urogenital tract in female that leads to vagina
urethra (female)
opening lies on floor of vagina and is where urine exits
vagina
leads into cervix
cervix
part of uterus that is firm structure to protect opening of uterus
uterus
short hollow muscular organ that expands to support developing fetus and joins 2 horns of uterus so is Y-shaped with horns leading from common body to cervix
ovaries
where uterus leads to produce eggs through meiosis (where the number of eggs that can be produced is established) and is located caudal to kidneys
oviduct
carries egg from ovary to uterus
infundibulum
thin membrane that lies at end of oviduct and wraps around ovary to catch egg after release (estrous cycle), transporting it to oviduct where egg can be fertilized
ovarian artery
cranially, sends blood to ovaries, oviduct and cranial part of uterine horn
uterine artery
caudally, sends blood to cervix, uterine body, and uterine horns
cranial
superior, above
caudal
inferior, below
ovarian and uterine veins
through where blood from ovarian and uterine artery return to caudal vena cava
proestrus
1st stage of estrous cycle 3 days prior to heat when hormone prostaglandin is released into bloodstream from uterus, causing CL to regress, lowering level of progesterone, increasing activity of pituitary gland and release of hormone FSH and HL (which the
corpus luteum (CL)
contained in ovary and produces progesterone translating from Latin as "yellow body
progesterone
hormone that prepares and is essential for pregnancy
fluid-filled follicle in ovary
surrounds egg and cells lining follicle secrete estrogen in response to FSH but releases egg after estrus
estrogen
hormone responsible for behavioral changes in female during estrus
estrus
2nd stage of estrous cycle where excitability, restlessness, bellowing, mounting and sometimes clear mucus discharge from vagina and reddened vulva
ovulation
releasing of the egg by follicle that occurs b/c of surges in LH and FSH that occurred prior day and parks day 1 in estrous cycle
metestrus
3rd stage of estrous cycle after which follicle collapses leaving ovulation depression, level of estrogen declines and LH stimulates follicle to develop into CL which produce progesterone, causing uterus to prepare embryo for pregnancy (female dogs in thi
diestrus
4th stage for estrous cycle when animal doesn't become pregnant and the uterus releases prostaglandin after which the estrous cycle begins again providing animal another opportunity to become pregnant (if animal is pregnant, uterus doesn't release prostag
induced ovulation
act of mating stimulates ovulation and quicker end to estrus
parasympathetic
controls nervous system so that when pheromone is released, it constricts vessels within penis, resulting in erection
ejaculation
ducts in epididymis and ducts deferens contract, propelling sperm forward
capacitation
maturity process sperm undergoes when in oviduct of female preparing sperm to be able to fertilize egg
differentiation
process when cell numbers increase within embryo, major organs and systems develop
implantation
process when embryo attaches to uterus
placentomes
attachment sites between embryo and uterus for transferring nutrients and waste between mother and embryo
amnion
fluid-filled sac that embryo is in
placenta
made by surrounding membranes, containing vessels that contact uterus at placentome and eventually become main source of progesterone so that CL is no longer needed
umbilical chord
one large set of combinations of placenta vessels that enter embryo
fetus
embryo that undergoes diffusion, developing normal appearance and structures of newborns and most rapid growth occurs in last trimester of pregnancy
trimesters
thirds of the pregnancy
cortisone
hormone produced by fetus to stimulate parturition
foramen ovale
opening in fetus that lies between left and right atrium through where much blood is delivered
ductus arteriosus
connection between pulmonary artery and aorta through where much blood is delivered
umbilical vein
through which highly oxygenated blood is delivered
umbilical arteries
through where blood returns to placenta to eliminate wastes and replenish nutrients and oxygen
ductus venosus
shunts blood around fetal liver
mammary glands
collection of epithelial-lined ducts to produce milk secreted by epithelial cells due to dramatic growth stimulated by presence of estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy
prolactin
hormone that increases as parturition approaches to stimulate actual production of milk
oxytocin
hormone produced by pituitary and causes release of milk from ducts into teat cistern
calf jack
presses against cow's hindquarters and has bar with winch system to provide tension on calf(used on larger animals)
follicle cysts
follicle more than 1 inch in diameter occurring when animal doesn't release egg normally and can't become pregnant
prostate disease
with age prostate becomes enlarged