Refractive index
a measure of the degree that light bends as it passes from one medium to another
A 10 year old dog presents with urinary incontinence. The veterinarian would like to get preliminary urine results as quickly as possible. What reading can be obtained quickly using the refactometer
Specific gravity
A veterinary technician is given the responsibility to ship a laboratory sample to an outside laboratory for analysis. Which of the following specimens would be considered a category B infectious material
Blood speciment for feline heartworm evaluation
A technician needs to take a 60-mg/dL solution and dilute it 1:5. What would be the concentration of dilution
12 mg/dL
An organism is being viewed with a light compunding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10 magnification and the 40 objective. what is the magnification of the organism
400
A veterinary hospital must have a microscope. what type of microscope is an essential piece of laboratory equipment for a hospital laboratory
compound light
A technician needs to take a 40 mg/dL sample and dilute it 1:10. what would be the concentration of the dilution
4 mg/dL
When viewing an object it is slightly fuzzy and is surrounded by a halo. what can be adjusted to focus the object and remove the halo
Substage condenser
Quality control programs ensure that accuracy of laboratory results. Which term is defined b y how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of teh constituent
Accuracy
Quality control programs ensure the accuracy of laboratory results. which term is defined by the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements
pecision
A sample was sent to a reference laboratory however vital information was missing from the requistion form causing delays in processing the sample. what type of variable is this?
Non biologic variable
Which device can be added or removed from the microscope eyepiece as needed and it can impose an image of a net, scale, or cross hairs over the viewing area
Ocular micrometer
The objective lenses of the microscope are important and are characterized by certain types. What type of objective lens is best for most veterinary hospitals
Achromatic
A laboratory incubator must be capable of maintaining a constant temperature. what is the optimal temperature for growing most pathogens
37 degree C
The accidental ingestion of the organism toxoplasmosis is an example of safety hazard in which biosafety level
Biosafety Level II
What is another name ofr an aliquot mixer
Rocker
A laboratory test requires that sample to be at room temperature or 73 degrees F what would the equivalent temperature be in degrees Celsius
23 Degrees Celsious
The veterinary technician needs to determine the total protein concentration of plasma. Which laboratory instrument must b used to complete this task
Refractometer
What tube type is used for Packed cell volume
microhematocrit
An object is being viewed with a light compounding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10x magnification and the 100 objective. What is the magnification of the object
1000
Define supernatant
Fluid portion of a sample that is present after centifugation
The most commonly used temperature measurement in the veterinary clinical laboratory is which scale
Celsius
The results show that a sample has a basic PH. which of the following pH values represent a basic pH?
a.6.9
b.7.0
c.7.2
d.6.3
C. 7.2
Which type of light source for microscope tends to produce the highest quality images due to the enhanced color balance and greater stability of the light output
LED
Which style of centrifuge has drilled holes that hold test tubes and runs at high speeds without causing excessive heat buildup that could damage the specimen
Angled centrifuge head
What does the acronym of OSHA stand for
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
An image is viewed through the microscope in which of the following ways
Upside down and reversed
What size pipette would you choose to transfer 1.6 mL of fluid
2 mL
Which documents provided by manufacturers of all hazardous materials must be readily available to employees at every veterinary facility
material safety data sheets
After a sample has been spun in a centrifuge what is term used for the heavier components pushed to the bottom of the tube
sediment
Quality control programs assure the accuracy of laboratory results. Which term is defined by the ability of a method to be accurate and precise
reliability
A veterinary technician has been assigned to perform regular maintenance on the refractometer in the laboratory. How often should this maintenance take place?
Clean after every use and calibrate daily or clean after every use and calibrate weekly
Precision
will you get the same results every time
accuracy
will the result be true
reliablility
is it both precise and accurate
Log book
maintenance schedules
control samples
Machines
software updates
cleaning
power supply
Samples
sample size
artifacts
-Hemolysis
-Lipemia
Technician skill
Right Equipment
Right Sample
Right technique
Safety supplies
sharps container
eye was station
PPE
Safety data sheets (SDS)
must be easily accessible
Must be maintained for each hazardous chemical
Secondary container labeling
Requiered if chemical is stored in container other than its original packaging (alcohol squeeze bottles)
Use only lens tissue to clean
microscope
Special cleaning solvents
microscope
Clean after EVERY use
microscope
NEVER USE 40 LENS with
oil
Centerifuge
used to separate different substances of different densities
heavier (more dense) falls to bottom
Refractometer measures urine specific gravity
concentration of urine
Refractometer measures total solids
similar to blood total protein
Refractometer clean with alcohol and lends paper or cotton balls
true
Hematology analyzers
Generate a complete blood cound
RBC
WBC
Platelet count
Hematology parameters
Used for serum chemistry
liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Electrolytes
Blood Glucose
Serum Proteins
Chemistry Analyzers
Make sure slides are
pre cleaned and smudge free
Make sure blood is
thoroughly mixed
Slide preperation
one drop of blood on clean slide at frosted end
Three regions of blood smear
Counting area (monolayer): between body and feathered edge
Romanowsky type stains
Wrights Stain
Wright Giemsa Stain
Diff Quick Stain
Papanicolaou type stain
New Methylene Blue
Romanowsky type stain
used for routine staining of cells
Papanicolaou type (new methylene blue)
used for staining reticulocytes
Eosin
fluorescent red dye
Eosionophilic red colored
Blue dyes
Crystal violet or methylene blue
Basophilic blue coloration
Diff quick
allow slide to fully dry
allow to sit or dunk in fixative for 60 seconds
allow to sit or dunk in eosin stain for 30 seconds
all to sit or dunk in violet stain for 30 secs
rinse with water (do not allow water to stream on sample)
All to fully dry before ex
The ocular system is a 10x magnification
true
the counting area on a blood film is also the monolayer
true
he buffy coat is made of leukocytes and platelets
true
the operture diaphragm controls the amount of light illumination on the object
true
lipemia is when there is a white color to serum or plasma
true
blood bolume is 8-10% of body weight
true
refractometer measures concentration of urine
true
blood smears should be made with 48 hours of collection and blood should be ____________ if not used right away
refrigerated
tube colors to prevent clotting
purple,green,blue
RBC's have no
organelles
reticulocytes can be identified by
diff quick
reticulocytes are immature
erythrocytes
RBC ________ shape
biconcave
stem cells come from
red bone marrow
personal protection equipment standard states employer must provide pay for and care for
PPE within the lab
power of 10 describes tera
10^12
species with enuclated RBC are
avian and reptiles
plasma
ph. 7.4, clotting factors, has waste prodcuts
oval shape RBC
ovine, avain, reptile
Most numerous in blood stream
RBC
unit of measure for refractometer is
g/dl or g/100ml
Cardiovascular system
blood vessels, blood and heart
Lymphatic system
vessels that return fluid escaped from blood vessels back to the blood steam
8-10% body weight
blood
blood contains cellular and
liquid components
cellular components
RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes
liquid components
plasma and serum
blood ph
7.4
straw colored fluid portion of blood
plasma
90% water
plasma
What is dissolved in plasma
ions, nutrients, gasses(02 and C02), waste products(urea and bilirubin), proteins
albumin (protein in plasma)
60%
Globulin (protein in plasma)
35%
Fibrinogen (protein in plasma)
4%
no clotting factors
serum
oxygen transporting cells
erythrocytes
most numerous of the formed elements
erythrocytes
made in red bone marrow
erythrocytes
average lifespan 100-120 days
erythrocytes
Biconcave shape
RBC
30% more surface area
RBC
no oranelles or nuclei
RBC
Hemoglovin
oxygen carrying protein
Nucleated red blood cells in mammals
Normoblasts
Rarely seen in blood stream
Normoblasts
Immature RBC
Reticulocytes
Need special stain to defferentiate from erythrocyte
Reticulocytes
Have both aggregate and punctate reticulocytes
cats
only have aggregate reticulocytes
dogs
Avain and reptile erythrocytes and thrombocytes contain a
centrally located nucleus
nucleus usually stians quite basophilic with eosinophilic cytoplasm
non mammilian RBC
Alpaca/Llama blood
has oval shaped RBC
Have a nucleus and are lager than RBCs
Leukocytes
Most produced in bone marrow
Leukocytes
Lifespan of 12 hours to several years
Leukocytes
protect the body from infectious microorganisms
Leukocytes
Function inside and outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
Leukocytes
diapedesis
when circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries
Specific types of leukocytes
neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Most numerous WBC except in cattle
Neutrophils
Neutrophils
phagocytize
increased in cases of infection or inflammation
Neutrophils
Nucleus two to six lobes
Neutrophils
Granules usually only very lightly stained
Neutrophils
1-4% of all WBCs
Eosinophils
Very large eosinophilic (pinkish/red) stianing granules
Eosinophils
Involced in allergic reactions & parasitic infections
Eosinophils
About 0.5% of all leukocytes
Basophils
Rarely found in peripheral blood; most commonly seen in horses
Basophils
Nucleus- usually bilobed
Basophils
Darker staining Basophilic granules
Basophils
Granules contain histamine
Basophils
Involved in inflammatory, ectoparasite, allergic reaction
Basophils
compose 20-45% of WBC
lymphocytes
Most numerous Leukocyte in cattle
Lymphocyte
round nucleus takes up 90% cell
lymphocyte
nucleus stians dark purple
lymphocyte
slightly larger than erythrocytes
lymphocyte
Attack a specific antigen
lymphocyte
4-8% EBC
monocytes
Largest leukocytes
Monocytes
Nucleus shape variable
Monocytes
nucleus does not stain as dark as lymphocytes
monocytes
Not a cell
Platelets (thrombocytes)
small cellular fragments
platelets
2-4 micrometers in diameter
platelets
originate in bone marrow from Megakaryocytes
platelets
in spaces between erythrocytes
platelets
Involved in the clotting process
platelets