Intro to Hematology and Urinalysis

Refractive index

a measure of the degree that light bends as it passes from one medium to another

A 10 year old dog presents with urinary incontinence. The veterinarian would like to get preliminary urine results as quickly as possible. What reading can be obtained quickly using the refactometer

Specific gravity

A veterinary technician is given the responsibility to ship a laboratory sample to an outside laboratory for analysis. Which of the following specimens would be considered a category B infectious material

Blood speciment for feline heartworm evaluation

A technician needs to take a 60-mg/dL solution and dilute it 1:5. What would be the concentration of dilution

12 mg/dL

An organism is being viewed with a light compunding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10 magnification and the 40 objective. what is the magnification of the organism

400

A veterinary hospital must have a microscope. what type of microscope is an essential piece of laboratory equipment for a hospital laboratory

compound light

A technician needs to take a 40 mg/dL sample and dilute it 1:10. what would be the concentration of the dilution

4 mg/dL

When viewing an object it is slightly fuzzy and is surrounded by a halo. what can be adjusted to focus the object and remove the halo

Substage condenser

Quality control programs ensure that accuracy of laboratory results. Which term is defined b y how closely results agree with the true quantitative value of teh constituent

Accuracy

Quality control programs ensure the accuracy of laboratory results. which term is defined by the magnitude of random errors and the reproducibility of measurements

pecision

A sample was sent to a reference laboratory however vital information was missing from the requistion form causing delays in processing the sample. what type of variable is this?

Non biologic variable

Which device can be added or removed from the microscope eyepiece as needed and it can impose an image of a net, scale, or cross hairs over the viewing area

Ocular micrometer

The objective lenses of the microscope are important and are characterized by certain types. What type of objective lens is best for most veterinary hospitals

Achromatic

A laboratory incubator must be capable of maintaining a constant temperature. what is the optimal temperature for growing most pathogens

37 degree C

The accidental ingestion of the organism toxoplasmosis is an example of safety hazard in which biosafety level

Biosafety Level II

What is another name ofr an aliquot mixer

Rocker

A laboratory test requires that sample to be at room temperature or 73 degrees F what would the equivalent temperature be in degrees Celsius

23 Degrees Celsious

The veterinary technician needs to determine the total protein concentration of plasma. Which laboratory instrument must b used to complete this task

Refractometer

What tube type is used for Packed cell volume

microhematocrit

An object is being viewed with a light compounding microscope that has an ocular lens with 10x magnification and the 100 objective. What is the magnification of the object

1000

Define supernatant

Fluid portion of a sample that is present after centifugation

The most commonly used temperature measurement in the veterinary clinical laboratory is which scale

Celsius

The results show that a sample has a basic PH. which of the following pH values represent a basic pH?
a.6.9
b.7.0
c.7.2
d.6.3

C. 7.2

Which type of light source for microscope tends to produce the highest quality images due to the enhanced color balance and greater stability of the light output

LED

Which style of centrifuge has drilled holes that hold test tubes and runs at high speeds without causing excessive heat buildup that could damage the specimen

Angled centrifuge head

What does the acronym of OSHA stand for

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

An image is viewed through the microscope in which of the following ways

Upside down and reversed

What size pipette would you choose to transfer 1.6 mL of fluid

2 mL

Which documents provided by manufacturers of all hazardous materials must be readily available to employees at every veterinary facility

material safety data sheets

After a sample has been spun in a centrifuge what is term used for the heavier components pushed to the bottom of the tube

sediment

Quality control programs assure the accuracy of laboratory results. Which term is defined by the ability of a method to be accurate and precise

reliability

A veterinary technician has been assigned to perform regular maintenance on the refractometer in the laboratory. How often should this maintenance take place?

Clean after every use and calibrate daily or clean after every use and calibrate weekly

Precision

will you get the same results every time

accuracy

will the result be true

reliablility

is it both precise and accurate

Log book

maintenance schedules
control samples

Machines

software updates
cleaning
power supply

Samples

sample size
artifacts
-Hemolysis
-Lipemia

Technician skill

Right Equipment
Right Sample
Right technique

Safety supplies

sharps container
eye was station
PPE

Safety data sheets (SDS)

must be easily accessible
Must be maintained for each hazardous chemical

Secondary container labeling

Requiered if chemical is stored in container other than its original packaging (alcohol squeeze bottles)

Use only lens tissue to clean

microscope

Special cleaning solvents

microscope

Clean after EVERY use

microscope

NEVER USE 40 LENS with

oil

Centerifuge

used to separate different substances of different densities
heavier (more dense) falls to bottom

Refractometer measures urine specific gravity

concentration of urine

Refractometer measures total solids

similar to blood total protein

Refractometer clean with alcohol and lends paper or cotton balls

true

Hematology analyzers

Generate a complete blood cound
RBC
WBC
Platelet count
Hematology parameters

Used for serum chemistry
liver
Kidney
Pancreas
Electrolytes
Blood Glucose
Serum Proteins

Chemistry Analyzers

Make sure slides are

pre cleaned and smudge free

Make sure blood is

thoroughly mixed

Slide preperation

one drop of blood on clean slide at frosted end

Three regions of blood smear

Counting area (monolayer): between body and feathered edge

Romanowsky type stains

Wrights Stain
Wright Giemsa Stain
Diff Quick Stain

Papanicolaou type stain

New Methylene Blue

Romanowsky type stain

used for routine staining of cells

Papanicolaou type (new methylene blue)

used for staining reticulocytes

Eosin

fluorescent red dye
Eosionophilic red colored

Blue dyes

Crystal violet or methylene blue
Basophilic blue coloration

Diff quick

allow slide to fully dry
allow to sit or dunk in fixative for 60 seconds
allow to sit or dunk in eosin stain for 30 seconds
all to sit or dunk in violet stain for 30 secs
rinse with water (do not allow water to stream on sample)
All to fully dry before ex

The ocular system is a 10x magnification

true

the counting area on a blood film is also the monolayer

true

he buffy coat is made of leukocytes and platelets

true

the operture diaphragm controls the amount of light illumination on the object

true

lipemia is when there is a white color to serum or plasma

true

blood bolume is 8-10% of body weight

true

refractometer measures concentration of urine

true

blood smears should be made with 48 hours of collection and blood should be ____________ if not used right away

refrigerated

tube colors to prevent clotting

purple,green,blue

RBC's have no

organelles

reticulocytes can be identified by

diff quick

reticulocytes are immature

erythrocytes

RBC ________ shape

biconcave

stem cells come from

red bone marrow

personal protection equipment standard states employer must provide pay for and care for

PPE within the lab

power of 10 describes tera

10^12

species with enuclated RBC are

avian and reptiles

plasma

ph. 7.4, clotting factors, has waste prodcuts

oval shape RBC

ovine, avain, reptile

Most numerous in blood stream

RBC

unit of measure for refractometer is

g/dl or g/100ml

Cardiovascular system

blood vessels, blood and heart

Lymphatic system

vessels that return fluid escaped from blood vessels back to the blood steam

8-10% body weight

blood

blood contains cellular and

liquid components

cellular components

RBCs, WBCs, and thrombocytes

liquid components

plasma and serum

blood ph

7.4

straw colored fluid portion of blood

plasma

90% water

plasma

What is dissolved in plasma

ions, nutrients, gasses(02 and C02), waste products(urea and bilirubin), proteins

albumin (protein in plasma)

60%

Globulin (protein in plasma)

35%

Fibrinogen (protein in plasma)

4%

no clotting factors

serum

oxygen transporting cells

erythrocytes

most numerous of the formed elements

erythrocytes

made in red bone marrow

erythrocytes

average lifespan 100-120 days

erythrocytes

Biconcave shape

RBC

30% more surface area

RBC

no oranelles or nuclei

RBC

Hemoglovin

oxygen carrying protein

Nucleated red blood cells in mammals

Normoblasts

Rarely seen in blood stream

Normoblasts

Immature RBC

Reticulocytes

Need special stain to defferentiate from erythrocyte

Reticulocytes

Have both aggregate and punctate reticulocytes

cats

only have aggregate reticulocytes

dogs

Avain and reptile erythrocytes and thrombocytes contain a

centrally located nucleus

nucleus usually stians quite basophilic with eosinophilic cytoplasm

non mammilian RBC

Alpaca/Llama blood

has oval shaped RBC

Have a nucleus and are lager than RBCs

Leukocytes

Most produced in bone marrow

Leukocytes

Lifespan of 12 hours to several years

Leukocytes

protect the body from infectious microorganisms

Leukocytes

Function inside and outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue

Leukocytes

diapedesis

when circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries

Specific types of leukocytes

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
Basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Most numerous WBC except in cattle

Neutrophils

Neutrophils

phagocytize

increased in cases of infection or inflammation

Neutrophils

Nucleus two to six lobes

Neutrophils

Granules usually only very lightly stained

Neutrophils

1-4% of all WBCs

Eosinophils

Very large eosinophilic (pinkish/red) stianing granules

Eosinophils

Involced in allergic reactions & parasitic infections

Eosinophils

About 0.5% of all leukocytes

Basophils

Rarely found in peripheral blood; most commonly seen in horses

Basophils

Nucleus- usually bilobed

Basophils

Darker staining Basophilic granules

Basophils

Granules contain histamine

Basophils

Involved in inflammatory, ectoparasite, allergic reaction

Basophils

compose 20-45% of WBC

lymphocytes

Most numerous Leukocyte in cattle

Lymphocyte

round nucleus takes up 90% cell

lymphocyte

nucleus stians dark purple

lymphocyte

slightly larger than erythrocytes

lymphocyte

Attack a specific antigen

lymphocyte

4-8% EBC

monocytes

Largest leukocytes

Monocytes

Nucleus shape variable

Monocytes

nucleus does not stain as dark as lymphocytes

monocytes

Not a cell

Platelets (thrombocytes)

small cellular fragments

platelets

2-4 micrometers in diameter

platelets

originate in bone marrow from Megakaryocytes

platelets

in spaces between erythrocytes

platelets

Involved in the clotting process

platelets