Problems that warrant emergencies
Trauma, profuse diahrrhea, urethral obstruction,labored breathing,seizures, loss of concsciousness, excessive bleeding,poisoning, prolapse of organs, snake bites, heat prostration, open wounds, anemia, burns, dystocia, shock.
Causes of shock
Decreased blood pressure and volume, trauma, toxins and sepsis, cardiac failure, anaphylaxis.
Symptoms of shock
Pale to white mucous membrane color, weak pulse pressure, hypothermic, increased HCT
Shock treatment
IV fluids, keep warm, control cause of problem, corticosteroids.
Causes of hemorrhage
trauma, surgery, toxicity, internal organ rupture.
Symptoms of hemorrhage
bleeding, arterial(squirting and pulsating), venous (dark and slow), shock.
Treatment of hemorrhage
Control Hemorrhage: homeostasis, bandages, surgery.
Causes of wounds
Trauma: abrasions, incisions, lacerations, punctures, abscess.
Symptoms of wounds
open wounds
Treatment of wounds
control hemorrhage, clean and flush wound, surgery, bandage.
Causes of heatstroke
prolonged exposure to heat, caught in dryers, left in cars.
Pathophysiology of heatstroke
cellular necrosis and cerebral edema occurs following hyperthermia.
symptoms of heatstroke
temp >107, panting and salivation, tachycardia, Brick red mucous membranes, respiratory distress, stupor to seizures, hemorrhagic diarrhea and vomiting.
Treatment of heatstroke
A) Cool body temperature
ice bath, alcohol to pads, cold water enemas, IV fluids for shock, corticosteroids, mannitol for cerebral edema, lasix for anuria and pulmonary edema.
monitoring patient for heatstroke
Can lead to renal failure and metabloic acidosis
Dissiminated Intravascular coagulation (DIC)
over consumption of coagulation factors causing everything else to hemmorhagic crisis and thrombosis.
Petechiation, Ecchymosis, and bleeding.
Death usually results.
Burn classifications
1st degree (superficial): involves entire epidermis, painful, erythematous, healing is rapid.
2nd degree (partial thickness): involves epidermis and dermis, painful and hair may be intact, subcutaneous edema, heals slowly after skin slough.
3rd degree (fu
Burn causes
Thermal burns: heat pads, stoves, fire, scalding fluid.
Electrical and chemical burns.
Treatment
If presented within 2 hours, apply cold compresses in chilled saline or water for 30 minutes.
Treatment for 1st degree burns
analgesics, clip and clean area, debride necrotic tissue, antimicrobriial ointments ( silvadeen, nitrofurazone), bandage wounds.
Treatment for 2nd degree burns
treat shock, analgesics, clean and debride tissue, antimicrobial dressing, skin graft, temperature regulation.
Treatment for 3rd degree burns
prognosis poor if extensive damage, treat like 2nd degree burns, consider euthanasia.
Thoracocentesis
Removing fluid or air from the chest with a needle.
Pleural effusion
water like fluid in chest cavity, heart disease
pneumothorax
air in chest, trauma HBC, animal attack, lungs collapse due to loss of negative pressure.
pyrothorax
pus in thorax, infection-pneumonia, bite wound, FB as fox tail.
Chylothorax
2nd damaged thoracic duct- lymphatic fluid.
Diaphragmatic hernia
2ndary trauma as HBC, diaphragm torn and liver, stomach, intestines enter chest cavity. Diagnosis: radiographs. Treatment: surgery.
Proptosis- Proptosed globe (eye)
trauma, treatment: tarsorrhaphy= suture eyelids closed, Enucleation= remove eye.
Schiff-Sherrington posture
Spinal cord fracture at the thoraco-lumbar L2-L4. Causes front limb extension and hind leg paralysis. HBC. Diagnosis: radiographs. Treatment: Surgery, but poor prognoisis, paralysis.