What is the disadvantage of using antibiotics in children
antibiotics hamper the development of the immune function in children
in a schistomanias endemic area X, what will be the effect of a permanent increase in temperature in the number of cases?
the number of cases will decrease
Which region will most cases of dengue occur?
region C, at low altitude and close distance from the equator
What are 3 main factors that determine the speed of transmission?
number of contacts, susceptibility in the population and number of infectious individuals
What would be the cause of an extended source outbreak?
a bacterial water system contamination in a water park
what can we say about the overall attack rate of a novel infection
it will start high and eventually drop
What should reproductive rate be in contain an infectious disease
between 0 - 1
a case control study is often conducted to investigate a disease epidemic. in which case would this be a suitable strategy
point source and extended source
During a cruise trip an epidemic occurs, 430 passengers, 200 eat the food, 120 exposed get sick, 30 unexposed get sick. What is the OR
10
what type of control strategy is best for infectious disease with fecal-oral transmission?
environmental health measures
does vaccination always lead to immunization?
no
what is an advantage of inactivated polio vaccine over oral polio vaccine?
inactivated vaccine prevents the development of vaccine derived polio viruses
For what category of disease do measures targeted at personal hygiene have the highest impact
water-washed diseases
is boiling milk effective against brucellosis infection?
yes
which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the control of a communicable disease outbreak
detection -> investigation -> interruption of transmission -. surveillance
In a population with low vaccine coverage a disease outbreak occurs. Mainly children are infected. Which disease is it likely to be?
diphtheria
Treatment of cases in a communicable disease outbreak might also interrupt transmission. For which disease will this causal relationship be the strongest?
pneumococcal disease
when a patient is diagnosed with TB, often contacts of patient are also tested for the disease. What type of surveillance is this?
active surveillance
In a health promotion program with the following activities. Which disease is targeted? Policy: laws about sterile needles in tattoo shops, Services: vaccination, Education: safe sex education
Hep B
Which 3 diseases (besides "all diseases of IPH importance") should always be notifiable?
yellow fever, cholera, plague
What is the most common causative agent of infectious disease worldwide?
virus
A contaminated river caused an outbreak of cholera in a LMIC where resources are limited. What control strategy would you reccomend?
a mass education program to teach people to boil water and seafood and defeacate downstream
in middle income country X there is moderate TB. kids are given BCG and all TB patients have a 6 month treatment regime. What else can be done to contain the disease?
giving adults BCG vaccine and treating patients in hospital will NOT help
What disease is endemic only in the Americas?
Chagas' disease
in a small remote village 4 cases of trachoma are found. What would be the best to prevent an outbreak?
treat everyone in the village with a single dose of azithromycin
Symptoms of hookworms are
pneumonitis, ground itch, anemia
What country has highest prevalence of HIV
South Africa
what is the recommended control for leprosy?
active case finding and treatment
which disease can stimulate the progression of ARI to a serious disease
Measles
during which season do most epidemics of meningococcal meningitis occur in the Sahel of Africa?
dry season
Contract tracing and antibiotic treatment is the main control for which STI?
chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis
Country X is middle income country on the verge of HIV epidemic. there is monogamy and poor hospital infection control. What would be the best strategy?
start a needle exchange program and discontinue paid blood donation
What is the transmission pattern of Ebola?
EVD can be transmitted from animal reservoir to humans and also from human to human spread
there is an epidemic of yellow fever. the goal is to prevent it from going abroad. What combination of strategies will be most effective?
eliminate mosquito breeding places and do ring vaccination
Malaria drug resistance is increasing. If drugs no longer work what should be done to control the disease?
environmental control by eliminating mosquito breeding places
what animal feces transmits toxoplasmosis
cat
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by?
prion affecting the brain
inappropriate prescription of antibiotics by GPs caused microbial resistance. What influences GPs in prescribing?
patients and pharmaceutical companies
What is not an obligation of IHR member states?
to designate regional IHR focal points
Who has the final decision making power in the Netherlands when determining control measures?
the minister of public health