nervous system

- action is generally brief (milliseconds)
- action potentials trigger release of mediator molecules at synapse with target
- stimulates skeletal muscle contractions
- mediator molecules include acetylcholine, glutamate, norepinephrine, and serotonin

endocrine system

action generally lasts longer
mediator molecules delivered to target by bloodstream
influence is much broader; will regulate virtually all types of body cells
mediator molecules include aldosterone, melatonin, insulin, and calcitonin

both nervous and endocrine system

target cells require specific protein receptor for mediator molecule
controls growth and development and regulates reproduction systems
maintains internal environments (homeostasis)

water soluble

epinephrine
oxytocin
insulin
antidiruetic hormone

lipid soluble

testosterone
estrogen
progesterone
cortisol
Triiodothyronine

paracrine hormone

local hormone that acts on neighboring cells

autocrine hormone

local hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted hormone

tropic hormone

hormone that acts on other endocrine glands

humane growth hormone

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
increases protein synthesis, causing growth of bones and skeletal muscles, enhances lipolysis in adipose tissue, resulting in increased use of relaxed fatty acids for ATP production by body cells

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
stimulates the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4 by the thyroid gland

Prolactin (PRL)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
stimulates milk production by mammary glands

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles in females; stimulates sperm production in males
GONADOTROPE

luteinizing hormone (LH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
stimulates ovulation in females; stimulates testosterone production in males
GONADOTROPE

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

ANTERIOR PITUITARY!
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

Oxytocin

HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY!
enhances contraction of the uterus; stimulates milk injection from mammary glands; actions with brain that foster parental care taking behavior toward offspring

Antidiruetic hormone (ADH)

HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY!
conserved body water by decreasing urine production; decreases water lost by sweating and causes constriction of arterioles, which increase BP

Thyroxine

THYROID AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY!
increase basal metabolic rate; increase body temperature, stimulate protein synthesis, increase use of glucose and fats acids for ATP production, stimulate lipolysis, regulate development and growth of nervous tissue and b

Calcitonin

THYROID AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY!
decreases levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the action of osteoclasts

parathyroid hormone

POSTERIOR PITUITARY!
major regulator of the levels of CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, and PHOSPHATE ions in the blood; INCREASES activity of OSTEOCLASTS; also affects kidneys -- slow rate at which Ca2+ is lost from blood into urine and promotes formation of calcitrio

Aldosterone

ADRENAL CORTEX!
retains Na+ in the body and eliminates excess K+

Cortisol

ADRENAL CORTEX!
regulates metabolism and resistance to stress; anti-inflammatory effects, and depression of immune responses

Androgens

ADRENAL CORTEX!
early growth of armpit and pubic hair; menopause

Epi/Norepinephrine

ADRENAL MEDULLA!
fight or flight

Insulin

PANCREAS!
lowers blood glucose by accelerating transport of glucose into cells

Glucagon

PANCREAS!
raises blood glucose levels by accelerating breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver

Estrogen

primary female sex hormone produces by ovaries

Testosterone

primary male sex hormone produced by testes

Melatonin

PINEAL GLAND!
setting of the biological clock; promotes sleepiness

diabetes insipidus

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is resistant to its effect, causing the body to excrete large volumes of urine, resulting in dehydration and thirst

Cushing's syndrome

caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol, resulting in "moon face" and high blood pressure

acromegaly

hypersecretion of growth hormone during adulthood, which causes bones of the hands, feet, cheeks, and jaws to thicken

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism

Graves disease

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos, protrusion of the eyes