Intrinsic reward
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals
Extrinsic reward
Something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; extrinsic rewards include pay increases, praise, and promotions
Scientific management
Studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques
Time-motion studies
Studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task
Principle of motion economy
Theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
Hawthorne effect
The tendency for people to behave differently when they know they are being studied
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Theory of motivation based on unmet human needs from basic physiological needs to safety, social, and esteem needs to self-actualization needs
Motivators
In Herzberg's theory of motivation factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that give them satisfaction
Hygiene factors
In Herzerberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased.
Goal-setting theory
The idea that setting ambitious but atteinable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions
Management by objectives (MBO)
A system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees
Expectancy theory
Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome
Reinforcement theory
Theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways
Equity theory
The idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions
Job enrichment
A motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself
Job enlargement
A job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment
Job rotation
A job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another