Abnormal psychology
the scientific study of abnormal behavior in a effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning
Clinical scientists
workers in the abnormal psychology field. Gather information systematically to describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study
Clinical practitioners
use knowledge acquired by clinical scientists to detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning
The four D's:
Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger
deviant
ifferent, extreme, unusual, perhaps even bizarre
when is behavior deviant?
Behavior, thoughts, and emotions are deemed abnormal when they violate a society's ideas about proper functioning
norms
a society's stated and unstated rules about proper conduct
culture
a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts
Judgments of abnormality depend on what two things?
specific circumstances as well as norms
dysfunctional
interferes with daily functioning
how common is danger?
Although danger is frequently cited as a feature of abnormal psychological functioning, it is actually the exception rather than the rule.
Thomas Szasz believes what about mental illness?
the concept of mental illness is invented so that society can better control or change people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order
Treatment/therapy
a procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior
All forms of therapy have three essential features:
1. A sufferer who seeks relief from the healer
2. A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his or her social group
3. A series of contacts between the healer and sufferer, through which the healer, often with th
two view clinicians can have about abnormality and recipient of treatment
Clinicians can view abnormality as illness or a problem in living. Can view recipient as patient or client.
Each year, __% of adults and __% of children and adolescents are in need of clinical treatment
__ of every 100 adults have a significant anxiety disorder, __ have a personality disorder, __ have profound depression, __ has Alzheimer's,__ has schizophrenia
30
19
-
18
5
10
1
1
11
commonality of eccentricity. men and women?
1 in 5,000 people are eccentrics. Men and women equally affected
two characteristics of eccentric people
Eccentrics have fewer emotional problems and are physically healthier
how did prehistoric societies view abnormal behavior?
Most historians believe that prehistoric societies regarded abnormal behavior as the work of evil spirits.
when did this view start?
Stone Age, a half-million years ago.
Trephination
an ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior
Melancholia
extreme sadness and immobility
Exorcism- define, belief about why it works, how it works
- the practice in early societies of treating abnormalities by coaxing evil spirits to leave the person's body
Make the body an uncomfortable place to live
A shaman, or priest, might recite prayers, plead with evil sprits, or, if those kinds of things did
Greek and Roman times
500 B.C. To A.D. 500
what did Greek and Romans do?
identified a number of mental disorders:
Melancholia
Mania
Dementia- general intellectual decline
Hysteria
Delusions- blatantly false beliefs
Hallucinations- experienced imagined sights or sounds as if they were really there
mania
a state of euphoria and frenzied activity
hysteria
the presence of physical ailment with no apparent physical cause
Hippocrates :
called
belief about mental illness
how he thought this happened
who else shared his focus? (2)
Father of modern medicine
Taught that illnesses had natural causes
He saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from an imbalance of four fluids, or humors, that flowed through the body- yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm
His focus on internal ca
what happened as Rome declined?
a distrust in science grew, demonology returned
time of Middle Ages
A.D. 500-1350
Middle Ages:
who had power?
view of abnormality
context of time period
incidence of abnormal behavior
presence of exorcisms
mass madness
The power of the clergy greatly increased across Europe
Abnormality was seen as Satan's work, a battle between good and evil
A time of great stress and anxiety, uprisings, war, and plagues
The incidence of abnormal behavior increased greatly during this t
Tarantism
large numbers of people would start to jump, dance, and go into convulsions. Thought to cure bite from tarantula
Lycanthropy
people thought they were possessed by wolves or other animals. Where we get stories of werewolves
what happened when Middle Ages ended? specially for mental illness treatment. how were they viewed?
cities grew and municipalities took over nonreligious things.
Hospitals were formed to treat the mad and natural causes were given
Renaissance time period
1400-1700.
early part of Ren: what belief prevailed?
natural
German physician Johann Weyer:
first what?
view on mental illness
founder of .....
First physician to specialize in mental illness
Thought mind was as susceptible to illness as body
Founder of modern study of psychopathology
Care of people with mental disorders improved. give example
Gheel in Belgium
Gheel in Belgium
First religious shrine devoted to loving care
World's first colony of mental health patients
Forerunner of today's community mental health programs
Improvements in care for the mentally ill began to fade by ____. why? what was done to solve?
mid-sixteenth century
The current system could only hold small number of people
Asylums were created
Asylum
a type of institution whose primary purpose was to care for people with mental disorders
first asylum- when and where. popular then?
The first asylum was founded in Muslim Spain in early 15th century, but the idea did not gain full momentum until the 1500s
Bethlehem Hospital in London
Bedlam
People were chained and whipped
Poor care continued until _____
late 1700s
Exorcism:
gone when?
what brought it back?
used for what?
how was it regulated?
recent changes
Gone in Western culture by 1970s.
In 1973, popular book and movie the Exorcist spawned new interest
Exorcism became very popular again as a way to treat behavioral disturbances
Some have died in exorcisms
In order to regulate them, the Roman Catholic Chur
when did asylum reform begin?
1800s
the first site of asylum reform
La Bicetre, an asylum in Paris for male patients,
who began reform there? how?
Philippe Pinel instituted the reforms. He unchained them, put them in better conditions, and gave them advice
Quaker William Tuke
brought reform to Northern England by opening the York Retreat, a rural estate that was peaceful. Patients rested, talked, prayed, and did manual work
Moral treatment
a 19th century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment
Benjamin Rush
the person most responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the U.S
what did Rush do? nickname? writings?
Innovative approaches to treatment - hire intelligent and sensitive attendants to read and work closely with patients, give them walks, and doctors can give them small gifts occasionally
Father of American psychiatry
Wrote the first American treatise on m
Dorothea Dix
a Boston schoolteacher, made human care a public and political concern in United States
She was originally struck by prison conditions, but also included the mentally ill and poor. She spoke to state legislatures about these conditions
She helped establis
moral treatment declined when?
at the end of the 19th century
why? (3)
The speed with which the moral movement spread- money became scarce, recovery rates declined, etc
The assumption behind moral treatment that all patients could be cured with love and care
The emergence of a new wave of prejudice against those with mental
As the moral movement was declining in the late 1800s, two opposing perspectives emerged and began to vie for the attention of clinicians:
the somatogenic perspective and the psychogenic perspective
Somatogenic perspective
the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes
Psychogenic perspective
the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
Somatogenic perspective:
history, who?
The somatogenic perspective has a 2,400 year history (Hippocrates)
Perspective had a rebirth in late 19th century for two reasons:
1. The work of German researcher Emil Kraeplin
2. New biological discoveries
Emil Kraeplin
Wrote influential textbook about physical factors causing mental dysfunction
Constructed the first modern system for classification of abnormal behavior
Also measure effects of various drugs on abnormal behavior
. New biological discoveries- one of most important
One of the most important was that the organic disease syphilis lead to general paresis, which has physical and mental symptoms, including delusions of grandeur
forerunners of psychogenic view
Cicero and Galen
when did psychogenic view gain a following?
It was not until studies of hypnotism demonstrated its potential did the psychogenic perspective gain a following
Hypnotism
a procedure that places people under a trancelike mental state during which they become extremely suggestible
history of hypnotism
Hypnotism was used by Anton Mesmer in Paris to treat patients with hysterical disorders.
His treatment was called mesmerism - dark room, music, costume, and rod to touch ailed area
how was hypnotism legitmized?
Some said hysterical disorders were caused by suggestions in brain, others that they were caused by degeneration in portions of the brain
In France the matter was settled when physicians used hypnosis to induce hysterical disorders. A mental process was s
Josef Breuer of Vienna:
found what?
joined by whom?
Found that patients sometimes awoke free of hysterical symptoms after speaking candidly under hypnosis about past upsetting events
He was joined by Freud
Psychoanalysis
either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological factors as the cause of psychopathology
Technique of psychoanalysis
a form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insight into their unconscious psychological processes
Freud and followers applied psychoanalytic treatment to people with _____ (2)
anxiety and depression.
what did Freud and followers begin?
outpatient therapy
The psychoanalytic approach does / does not work on the severely disturbed because_____
does not
it requires clarity and verbal skill. It also takes years to work.
In the ____ researchers discovered a number of new psychotropic medications
1950s,
Psychotropic medications
drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce main symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
Antipsychotic drugs
correct extremely confused and distorted thinking
Antidepressant drugs
lift mood of depressed people
Antianxiety drugs
reduce tension and worry
Since the discovery of these medications, what has happened?
mental health professionals in most of the developed nations of the world have followed a policy of deinstitutionalization
Deinstitutionalization
the practice, begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals
In 1955 - 600,000 patients in U.S. Today-______
60,000
what has become the primary mode of treatment for people with severe psychological disturbances as well as for those with moderate problems ?
outpatient care
The community mental health approach has had success, but ____
there are too few to address the need.
_____ severely disturbed people are homeless
_____ are in jail
100,000
135,000
Before the 1950s, all outpatient care took the form of ____
private psychotherapy
Private psychotherapy
an arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapist for counseling services
Nearly 1 in every _ adults receives treatment for psychological disorders in the course of a year
5
Outpatient treatments are becoming available for_____
more and more kinds of problems, including marital problems.
Since the 1950s programs devoted _____ have also developed
exclusively to one kind of psychological problem
Prevention
interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop
Community prevention programs - track record
have not always been successful, but they are increasing in number
Positive psychology
the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities
Some research on twins says that at least ____ of one's happiness is related to genetics
1/2
Multicultural psychology
a field of psychology that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors on our behaviors and thoughts, and also focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior
minorities and mental healthcare (3)
Many members of ethnic and racial minority groups improve less in clinical treatments than members of majority groups. They use mental resources less and stop therapy sooner.
Two features of treatment can increase a therapist's effectiveness with minority clients:
1. Greater sensitivity to cultural issues
2. Inclusion of cultural morals and models in treatment, especially for children and adolescents
Culture-sensitive therapies
approaches that address unique issues faced by members of minority groups
Gender-sensitive or feminist therapies
approaches geared to the special pressures of being a women in Western society
Today the dominant form of insurance coverage is the ____
managed care program
Managed care program
a system of health-care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services. Outsource "behavioral health" to managed care companies
At least ___% of insured Americans are enrolled in managed care programs
75
35 states have made parity laws that do what?
make insurance companies provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems
Before 1950s, the ____perspective was dominant
psychoanalytic
now what's in power? why?
Then biological view gained respect with psychotropic drugs
Other influential perspectives that have emerged since 1950s: (3)
cognitive, humanistic-existential, and sociocultural
which one dominates now?
No single viewpoint now dominates the field
Psychiatrists
three to four years of additional training after medical school (a residency) in the treatment of abnormal mental functioning
Clinical psychologists
professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psychology by completing four years of graduate work in abnormal functioning and complete a one-year internship at a mental hospital or mental health agency
Psychotherapy and related services are also provided by :
counseling psychologists, educational and school psychologists, psychiatric nurses, marriage therapists, family therapists, and - the largest group - psychiatric social workers
diff/sim?
The similarities between them are often greater than differences
Clinical researchers have also become popular as the need for research has grown
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