attributions
process of assigning causes to things that happen
behavioral activation treatment
treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life
bipolar disorder with a seasonal pattern
Bipolar disorder with recurrences in particular seasons of the year
bipolar disorders
mood disorder in which the person experiences both manic and depressive episodes
bipolar I disorder
a form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both manic episodes and major depressive episodes
bipolar II disorder
a form of bipolar disoder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes
chronic major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a major depressive episode does not remit over a two year period
cognitive behavioral therapy
therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions
cyclothymic disorder
mild mood disorder characterized by cuclical periods of hypomanic and depressive symptoms
depression
emotional state characterized by extraordinary sadness and dejection
depressogenic schemas
Dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress
douple depression
this condition is diagnosed when a person with dysthymia has a superimposed major depressive episode
dysfunctional beliefs
negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive
dysthymic disorder
moderately severe mood disorder characterized by a persistently depressed mood most of the day for more days than not for at least 2 years. Addtional symptoms may include poor appetite, sleep disturbance, lack of energy, low self esteem, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of hopelessness
electroconvulsive therapy
use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconsciousness; a treatment used primarily to alleviate depressive and manic episodes
hypomanic episode
: A condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood. At least 3 out of 7 other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than in mania.
interpersonal therapy
treatment that strengthens social skills and targets interpersonal problems, conflicts, and life transitions
learned helplessness
theory that animals and humans exposed to uncontrollable aversive events learn that they have no control over these events and this causes them to behave in a passive and helpless manner when later exposed to potentially controllable events. Later exteded to become a theory of depression.
lithium
a chemical that provides an effective drug therapy for the mood swings of bipolar disorders
major depressive disorder
moderate to severe mood disorder in which a person experinces only major depressive episodes, but no hypomanic, manic or mixed episodes.
major depressive episode
a mental condition in which a person must be markedly depressed for most of everyday for most days for at least 2 weeks. In addition, a total of at least 5 out of 9 designated symptoms must also be present during the same time period
major depressive episode with atypical features
A type of major depressive episode which includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by marked mood reactivity, as well as at least 2 out of 4 other designated symptoms
major depressive episode with catatonic features
type of major depressive episode which includes a range of psychomotor symptoms from catalepsy to extensive motor activity as well as mutism and rigidity
major depressive episode with melancholic features
A type of major depressive episode which includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, plus at least 3 of 6 other designated symptoms
mania
emotional state characterized by intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
manic episode
a condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. in addition at least 3 out of 7 other designated symptoms must also occur
mixed episode
a condition in which a person is characterized by symproms of both full-blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermixed or alternate rapidly every few days
monoamine-oxidase inhibitors
class of antidepressant drugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters in the brain by inhibiting an enzyme, mnoamine oxidase, that breaks down or degrades them in the synapse
mood disorders
disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive
mood congruent delusions
delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a persons mood
negative automatic thoughts
thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions
negative cognitive triad
negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
pessimistic attributional style
cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events
rapid cycling
a pattern of bipolar disorder involving at least four manic or depressive episodes per year
recurrence
a new occuence of a disorder after a remission of symptom
relapse
return of the sumptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time
seasonal affective disorder
Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions.
severe major depressive episode with psychotic features
Major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations
specifiers
Different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes which may help predict the course and preferred treatments for the condition
suicide
taking ones own life
tricyclic antidepressants
a class of drugs that act by increasing the synaptic accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine
unipolar depressive disorder
mood disorders in which a person experiences only dpressive episodes as opposed to bipolar disorder in which both manic and depressive episodes occur