Clinical Scientist(s)
People who do research
Clinical Practitioner(s)
People who apply their knowledge to helping other people
Deviance
Distress
Dysfunction
Danger
What makes someone's behavior abnormal?
Hint: 4 D's
Deviance
Statistical definition: different, extreme, unusual, even bizarre
Norms
All societies establish these rules for proper conduct
Criminal
When someone violates a legal norm they are considered:
Abnormal
When someone breaks the "normal psychological functioning" or deviates from what is typical they are considered:
Distress
Unpleasant and upsetting
Present
Feelings of distress are not necessarily always...
Disorders
Some conditions cause distress, but are clearly not...
Dysfunction
Interference with daily living and function (e.g. social, work, spiritual, emotional, cognitive, legal, financial)
The failure of our "mental mechanism" to function the way it was designed
Danger
Harmful, danger to oneself or to others (e.g. careless, reckless, hostile, confused)
Usually the "exception, not the rule
Environment
Stress
These two things can affect individual behavior (creating dysfunction)
Thomas Szasz
Believed mental illness is a myth
Problem in living, not something wrong with person (a normal response to an abnormal environment)
Felt involuntary commitment should not be allowed
Eccentricity
Unusual individual pattern that others have no right to interfere with
Usually know they are odd or unusual, but are not in distress
Treatment
Helps to change an abnormal behavior into a normal one
Therapy
A special way of helping people to overcome their psychological difficulties and problems
Trephination
Hole(s) drilled in skull with stone instrument to let out evil spirits
From stone age up to as recent as the 17th century
Exorcism
The coaxing out of evil spirits (by a shaman or priest)
Humor(s)
Yellow Bile
Black Bile
Blood
Phlegm
Yellow Bile
Hippocrates believed this caused "Frenzied Joy" (anxiety and irritability)
Black Bile
Hippocrates believed this caused depression
Hippocrates
He believed that mental illness had natural causes and foreshadowed the discovery of the biological components of mental disorders centuries before they were realized
Greek(s)
Roman(s)
These two cultures dominated treatment of mental illness from 500BC to 500AD
Church
This institution believed that any abnormal or deviant functioning was due to the influence of Satan
Tarantism
Groups of people would suddenly dance around and convulse
Mass hallucinations/delusions
Believed to be bitten by tarantula
St. Vitus' Dance
Another name for Tarantism
Lycanthropy
People thought they were possessed by wolves/animals (actually behaved by animals)
Johann Weyer
Argued that, like the body, the mind was susceptible to illness
Believed mental disorders were caused by illness, not demons
Founder of modern psychopathology
Gheel, Belgium
Community mental health program" of the 15th century
People came for psychic healing
Bethlem Hospital
Facility located in London (16th century)
Asylum (filthy, prison-like)
Tourists paid money to "gawk" at the mentally ill
Bedlam
Another name for Bethlem Hospital
Philippe Pinel
Father of scientific psychiatry
Advocated humane treatment, sympathy, and guidance in asylums
Removed physical restraints
Forbid cruel treatment
La Bicetre
Asylum in Paris
Patients were kept in inhumane conditions (literally chained)
William Tuke
Set up York Retreat (an asylum in a country house)
English Quaker who brought reforms to New England
Prayed, worked together, took walks, rested (many patients recovered and went home)
Benjamin Rush
Father of American Psychiatry
Wrote 1st American treatise on psychiatry
Established 1st medical course in psychiatry
Believed in human treatment
Believed in bloodletting & that stars influence the brain and cause disturbed behavior
Dorothea Dix
Massachusetts schoolteacher
Went to state legislatures and to Congress to call for reform
Late 19th/Early 20th Century
Century in which there was a reversal of moral treatment movement
Long term hospitalization became rule vs short term moral treatment and recovery
Hospitals multiplied, staff and money shortages, recovery rates declined
No help for poor foreign immigrants
Somatogenic Perspective
View that abnormal behavior has biological causes
Emil Kraepelin
Created diagnostic categories
Believed many common mental disorders are disorders of the brain
Studied manic-depression
Manic-depression
Dementia praecox
Richard von Kraftt-Ebing
German neurologist
Research led to theories that many mental disorders have physical roots
Most medical techniques he developed did not work (hydrotherapy, lobotomies, tonsillectomies, tooth extractions)
Discovered that syphilis led to general paresis
General Paresis
Irreversible brain disorder that included psych symptoms such as delusions
Psychogenic Approach
Late 19th century
Approach that believed the causes of abnormal functioning are psychological
"It's all in your head"
Hypnotism
Franz Joseph Gall
Believed bumps on skull could tell personality and intelligence
Brain areas do have certain functions, but he was inaccurate, but he was inaccurate (unfortunately, his predictions were used in criminal proceedings)
Phrenology
Use of bumps on skull to determine personality and intelligence
F Anton Mesmer
Studied hysterical disorders (paralysis with no biological cause)
Using darkened room and music, he'd appear and touch them with a special rod
Mesmerism
Mesmerism
Trance-like precursor to hypnosis
Hypnotic Suggestion
Bernheim and Liebault established this
Josef Breuer
Hypnotized patients - awoke without hysterical symptoms
Joined Sigmund Freud in the 1890s
Theory of psychoanalysis
Theory of Psychoanalysis
Theory that many forms of functioning are psychogenic
Cathartic Method
Having patients talk calmly about problems under hypnosis
Psychoanalysis
Therapists talk to clients to help them gain insight into their problems
"Talking treatment"
Outpatient therapy
Psychotropic
1950s medications that affected the brain and reduced symptoms
Anti-psychotic, antidepressant, and anti-anxiety drugs
1960(s)
Deinstitutionaliztion began in the...
Mental Illness and Homelessness
Major impact of deinstitutionalization
22 Million (1 in 8)
Today, this many Americans receive some sort of therapy
Variable
Characteristic or event that can vary (age, sex, race)
Hypothesis
Educated guess
What an experiment is designed to test
Case Study
Where a clinician observes and records an individual's current behavior, symptoms, or gathers past history
Goal
Describes a patient's problems and relates it to functioning and provides a theory about its causes
Helps to treat and better understand the patient
Correlational Method
Assesses the degree to which two or more events are associated (not caused)
Does not directly manipulate behavior
Positive Correlations
Likelihood that two variables occur together (i.e. as weight rises, blood pressure increases)
Negative Correlations
As value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases (i.e. as activity increases, depression decreases)
Epidemiological Studies
Studies prevalence, incidence and consequence and often causation of mental disorders in a population
Incidence
Number of people who have acquired a disorder in a time period (usually a year)
Prevalence
Total number of people within a given population who suffer from a disorder
Longitudinal Studies
Research design in which one group of subjects is studied repeatedly at different ages
Experimental Method
One variable is manipulated and the effects on another variable are studied
Independent Variable
Factor manipulated
Dependent Variable
Factor observed/measured
Eliminate Variable
Variables that might influence the results (instead of independent variable)
Random Assignment
Everyone has an equal chance of being selected
Blind Design
Experimental Method including placebo
Bias
Subject may try to do this to the results by trying to please the experimenter
Placebo
Something that looks like a drug or therapy, but isn't
Double-Blind Experiment
Neither subject nor experimenter knows whether the pill or therapy is real or placebo