What are the differences in professional roles between clinical scientists and practitioners?
a. Clinical scientists gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study
b. Clinical practitioners detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning
What is meant by the concept of cultural norms? How is behavior that violates a society's legal norms considered? What are the component parts of a society's culture?
a. Each society establishes norms - stated and unstated rules for proper conduct. Abnormal behavior, thoughts, and emotions are those that differ markedly from a society's ideas about proper functioning.
b. Behavior that breaks legal norms is considered t
What is meant by the idea that abnormality is situational in its definition? What is meant by the principle that behavior that is statistically rare is not necessarily deviant? (be sure to be able to give an example)
a. Judgments of abnormality depend on specific circumstances as well as cultural norms. Context is key: after a devastating earthquake/tsunami like in Japan, anxiety and depression were common and seemingly normal reactions in the wake of this extraordina
What is meant by the concept of distress, and does a person necessarily have to experience it in order to be considered abnormal?
a. Distress is a feeling causing a person to feel unpleasant or upsetting.
b. Although their behavior is quite abnormal, the people who swim in the freezing Michigan lakes feel energized and challenged, not in distress, Then again, someone who hears voice
What is meant by the concept of dysfunction and how does it help us understand abnormality? Is it possible to engage in dysfunctional behavior and not be considered abnormal? (be sure to be able to give an example)
a. Dysfunctional interferes with daily functioning; it distracts, upsets, or confuses people so that cannot care for themselves properly, participate in ordinary social interactions, or work productively.
b. Dysfunction alone doesn't necessarily indicate
How often are people who are diagnosable with a psychological disorder also considered dangerous?
a. Dangerous individuals are consistently careless, hostile, or confused and it can place them and people around them at risk.
b. Although danger is often cited as a feature of abnormal psychological functioning, research suggests that it is actually the
How does Thomas Szasz believe we should think of mental illness? What is his basic, radical idea?
The deviations that society calles abnormal are simply "problems in living" not signs of something wrong within the person. Societies, he was convinced, invent the concepted of mental illness so that they can better control or change people whose unusual
What are the "four D's" typically used to define abnormal behavior?
a. Deviance - different, extreme, unusual, bizarre
b. Distressing - unpleasant and upsetting to the person
c. Dysfunctional - interfering with the person's ability to ocndut daily activites in a constructive way
d. Dangerous
How are eccentrics considered different from those who are mentally ill? What tends to characterize them?
a. Eccentricity is an unusual pattern with which others have no right to interfere. From time to time we see or hear about people who behave in ways we consider strange, such as a man who lives alone with two doxen cats and rarely talks to other people.
b
According to Clinical theorist Jerome frank, what are the general components of all forms of therapy?
a. A sufferer who seeks relief from a healer
b. A trained, socially accepted healer, whose expertise is accepted by the suffere and his or her social group
c. A series of contacts between healer and sufferer, through which the healer...tries to produce ce
According to several researchers, what percentage of the adult population in the United States during a typical year experiences psychological problems serious enough to need clinical treatment?
a. 30% of adults pg 7
What is meant by the new diagnosis of "cyber fear"? "terrorism terror"? "Crime phobia"?
a. Cyber fear - people can live in fear of computer crashes, server overloads, or computer viruses. They can worry constantly about e-crimes (scams and computer hoaxes, theft, computer-identity theft, cyberterrorism)
b. Terrorism terror - global terrorism
13. What is meant by the concept of "exorcism" and what does it reveal about what its practitioners believe causes mental illness?
a. Exorcism - the idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave or to make the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live. A shaman, or priest, might recite prayers, plead with the evil spirits, insult the spirits, perform magic, make loud noises,
14. What as Hippocrates' principal contribution to our understanding of what causes mental illness? What did he attempt to do when he treated those with mental illness?
a. He believed that illnesses had natural causes. He saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems. He looked to an unbalance of the four fluids, or humors, and he suggested and attempted treatments that tried to 'rebalance' t
15. What was meant by the ancient concept of "melancholia"?
a. Melancholia was characterized by extreme sadness or immobility pg 9
16. During the Middle Ages, which model of mental illness did most people believe? Accordingly, which societal group was most often in charge of treating those who were considered mentally ill?
most people believed in demonology. The clergymen were in charge of treatment during this period pg 10
17. What were the reasons demonology dominated the way the mentally ill were thought of and treated during the Middle Ages?
a. Things happened during the middle ages that caused great stress and anxiety (war, urban uprisings and plagues), people blamed the devil for these troubles and feared being possessed by him. Abnormal behavior was seen in forms such as: mass madness- lar
18. Who is generally thought of as the founder of the modern study of psychopathology? In which century did he make most of his intellectual contributions? How would you characterize the treatment the mentally ill received in the early asylums? What has c
a. German physician Johann Weyer is the founder of the modern study of psychopathology pg 11
b. The 16th century?? Pg 11 ( may be early fifteenth century??)
c. When they were started the intention was to give the best care possible, but when they started
19. What was Dorothea Dix's principal contribution in the history of Abnormal Psychology?
a. She made humane care a public concern in the US. She made known all of the horrors she saw within the asylums and by her speaking out lead to new laws and greater government funding to improve the treatment of people with mental disorders. Through this
20. What were the principal reasons that "moral treatment" for the mentally ill declined in the late 19th century?
a. As mental hospitals multiplied, severe money and staffing shortages developed, recovery rates declined, and overcrowding in hospitals were all problems. Another factor was the assumption that patients could be cured with moral treatment, but many neede
What are the principal characteristics of the "somatogenic" model of mental illness? Why was the finding that syphilis causes general paresis important in the study of abnormal psychology? (Page 13)
The principle characteristic of somatogenic model of mental illness is that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. In 1883 Kraepelin published an influential textbook arguing that physical factors, such as fatigue are responsible for ment
What is meant by the concept of "Eugenics" and what implications does it hold for the mentally ill? Which form of somatogenic treatment seems to have been the most effective in treating the mentally ill? (Page 14)
Biological views and claims led, in some circles, to proposals from immoral solutions, such as eugenic sterilization, the elimination of individual's ability to reproduce. Not until the 1950's when a number of effective medications were finally discovered
Using modern terms, what type of mental disorder did Anton Mesmer's patients most likely suffer from? Which form of treatment did he advocate? For which model of mental illness did this form of treatment offer support?
His patients suffered from hysterical disorders that had no apparent physical basis. Mesner was inducing a trancelike state in his patients and that this state was causing their symptoms to disappear. This offered support for the psychogenic perspective,
What are the principal components of the "psychogenic" model for understanding mental illness? What role does the acquisition of insight play in treatment through psychoanalysis?
Principle components are the view that chief causes of abnormal functioning are often psychological. This view had a long history but it did not gain much of a following until studies of hypnotism demonstrated its potential. Psychoanalysis is the theory o
Recent survey data have shown that 43% of the population believes that mental illness is caused by what?
43% of the population believes that people bring mental disorders on themselves.
What is meant by the practice of "positive psychology" and what are some of its goals? What is meant by the practice of "multicultural therapy" and what are some issues that it is likely to emphasize in treatment?
-Positive psychology studies how one can enhance positive feelings. Examples are optimism, happiness, positive traits including hard work, social skills, wisdom. Multicultural therapy seeks to understand how culture, race, ethinicity, gender and similar f
What are the more common features of "managed care" programs of psychotherapy? What has been happening historically to the percentage of mental health practitioners who are women?
-They determine key issues as which therapists its clients may choose, cost of sessions, and the number of sessions for which the client is reimbursed. Reimbursements tend to be lower for mental disorders than for medical disorders. The percentage of wome
Which mental health profession has the highest percentage of women?
-Counselors have the highest percentage of women.
What are the key educational and professional differences between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists?
Clinical psychologists are professionals who earn a doctorate in clinical psych by completing 4-5 years of graduate training in abnormal functioning and its treatment and also complete a 1 year internship at a mental health setting. Psychiatrists are phys
What would you say is the most accurate conclusion about the current degree of consensus in the United States on how to define and treat mental illness?
There is a growing determination to explain abnormal behavior in today's society. Researchers are working with laboratories, hospitals, and universities to produce effective treatment programs.