Which early psychologist was most influenced by Charles Darwin?
James
The field of psychology is a collection of diverse subfields. Psychologists who conduct basic research contribute by expanding the knowledge base of psychology, whereas others who conduct _____research explore practical problems.
applied
A study of the relationship between reasoning capacities and brain functions would be of most direct interest to _____.
cognitive neuroscience
In the context of debates concerning the origins of knowledge, nature is to nurture as _____ is to _____.
Descartes; Locke
Your professor directs a child and adolescent clinic that focuses on helping patients change their behavior, not on helping them understand themselves or satisfy their inner needs. Which perspective on psychology does your professor have?
behaviorism
Researchers today can use technology such as fMRI scans to measure brain activity. Some researchers use the introspection technique with their subjects while obtaining the scans, which is similar to the methodology used by the early psychologist _____.
Titchener
You're having trouble coping with stressful life events, so you begin seeing a therapist. The therapist does not focus on your childhood experiences or on any learned behaviors, but rather she emphasizes the importance of your need for love and acceptance
humanistic
The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which branch of psychology would you recommend for this group?
humanistic
The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which of the following branches of psychology would you recommend for this group?
humanistic psychology
Dr. Joseph is working with the National Institutes of Mental Health to determine if omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on mood and anxiety disorders. Dr. Joseph is subscribing to the _____ perspective.
neuroscience
During a discussion of the attacks on the United States in 2001, a friend says that the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the attacks because all the clues were in plain sight in these agencies' files. He claims that, with access to the files, he would hav
the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.
Which of the following is an aspect of the scientific attitude?
skepticism
Researchers' values influence their choice of topics. Values affect what we study, how we study it, and how we interpret results. In other words, psychology is NOT _____.
value-free
In a survey, stockbrokers are asked to predict whether stock markets will rise or fall over the coming year and to say how confident they are in their predictions. The results of this survey show that they are more confident than correct in their predicti
overconfidence
After reading about Dr. Mehta's experimental results, which contradicted the results of her own studies, Dr. Jenkins expressed humility by saying, _____
Could my studies have been flawed?
When psychologists apply laboratory research on aggression to actual violence, they are applying theoretical _____ of aggressive behavior.
principles
At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own social behaviors such as how often they would call their parents and whether they would vote in an election. The students reported being 84 percen
71 percent
Your class is discussing whether fossil fuel usage relates to global warming. One student says that carbon emissions are up 15 percent in the last 10 years because of increased use of fossil fuels, and that the average temperature worldwide has risen two
critical
Dr. Baker conducted an experiment in which participants were recruited and signed a consent form. The researcher conducted the experiment, which involved deceiving participants about the true nature of the study. All consent forms were kept confidential.
No, because participants were not debriefed at the conclusion of the experiment.
Physicist Neils Bohr reportedly said, "Prediction is very difficult, especially about the future." This statement probably reflects Bohr's belief that accurate prediction requires:
critical thinking
Your class is discussing whether fossil fuel usage relates to global warming. One student says that carbon emissions are up 15 percent in the last 10 years because of increased use of fossil fuels, and that the average temperature worldwide has risen two
say that emissions are certainly going to rise another 10 percent in the next five years.
_____ principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to treat information about individual research participants confidentially.
ethical
Lucy and Steve are very much in love and very excited about their upcoming wedding. Lucy knows that half of all marriages end in divorce, but she feels sure that their marriage will last. In fact, she is tempted to predict that they will never even have a
overconfidence
A local school board is setting up a program to help prepare children to become scientists. To carry out this program, teachers should encourage curiosity, skepticism, and _____ in their students.
humility
Curiosity, skepticism, and humility are essential in developing evidence for claims. Then it is important to examine any assumptions behind the claims, discern hidden values, and evaluate the evidence. This demonstrates how critical thinking is related to
scientific
A local school board is setting up a program to help prepare children to become scientists. To carry out this program, teachers should encourage curiosity, _____, and humility in their students.
skepticism
Jamie, a very bright but rather lazy student in Dr. Hunt's introductory psychology course, was sure he would get an A on the midterm, because Dr. Hunt was known for asking questions that required only common sense to answer, not knowledge of specific fact
overconfidence
Your class is discussing whether fossil fuel usage relates to global warming. One student says that carbon emissions are up 15 percent in the last 10 years because of increased use of fossil fuels, and that the average temperature worldwide has risen two
critical
The results of Dr. Clark's studies indicated that teen parents tend to develop healthier relationships with female infants than with male infants. However, three subsequent studies by other psychologists failed to confirm these results. After reading thes
humility
A good theory produces _____, which are testable _____.
hypothesis, predictions
A study of an individual may mislead us if the individual is _____. This expresses a limitation of the case study method of descriptive research:
atypical
A person who believes that there is a correlation between two factors is more likely to take note of and remember incidents that support this belief. In other words, he or she perceives a relationship where one does not actually exist. This is known as a(
illusory correlation.
The only way to demonstrate causation is to conduct a(n):
experiment
When trying to interpret measures of central tendency, it is also important to know something about the _____ in the data set.
variation
By organizing observations and predicting behaviors or events, a theory provides a(n):
explanation
Dr. McDougal decided to publish a paper based on a patient who presented her with a complicated case of depression and anxiety. Her hope, besides getting published, was to share universal principles with the psychology community. This is an example of a(n
case study
Dr. James found a correlation of -0.63 between exercise and weight loss in men over 40. This would be considered a _____ correlation.
moderately negative
In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to:
placebo effects
The _____ is a measure of _____.
standard deviation; variation
Stacey has designed an experiment with child and adult participants in which each participant is promised a reward just for participating but then no rewards are given out. Stacey predicts that the children will be more likely than the adults to express a
hypothesis
_____ observation is a type of descriptive research method in which you observe and record behavior without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
naturalistic
A tendency to notice and remember instances in which our premonitions of disaster are subsequently followed by unfortunate events is most likely to contribute to:
illusory correlations
Kelsey is a research assistant in drug-treatment studies. Her professor said they are using a double-blind procedure to minimize the chance that _____ are responsible for differences between experimental and control conditions.
placebo effects
The number 7 is the _____ of the following set of numbers: 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 7, 7, 7, 8, 9.
mode
If hunger improves intellectual performance, then hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry." In that statement, "hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry" is a(n) _____.
hypothesis
Which terms are most closely related to each another?
representative sample and survey
Dr. Barter's correlational research revealed that there was a positive statistical relationship between her two variables of interest. When she discussed the results with others, she made certain to emphasize that the correlation did NOT reveal _____. *ca
undefined
Your instructor has asked you to create a study to examine the behavior of coyotes in a nearby preserve. If you are only interested in observing and recording behavior, and do not care about detecting naturally occurring relationships or exploring cause a
naturalistic observation
The mode is a simple measure of central tendency, which indicates the score or scores that:
occur the most frequently.
A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat depression. The company's studies indicate that the medication significantly reduces symptoms of depression in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, _____ of these studies
replication
The _____ method of descriptive research involves asking randomly selected, representative members of a group to report on their attitudes or behaviors.
survey
Dr. James found a correlation of -0.81 between obesity and the consumption of low-fat foods. This would be considered a _____ correlation.
strong negative
Drug R is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). The hypothesis is that 200 mg of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent as evidenced by the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. The independent variable i
200 mg of Drug R.
The _____ is a measure of _____.
median; central tendency
A good theory has which of the following characteristics?
it organizes observations
A case study is a descriptive research method in which one _____ is studied in depth in the hopes of revealing universal principles
individual
If the points on a scatterplot show an upward pattern (both scores going up), the correlation is:
positive
The experimental method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether caffeine consumption causes increased athletic performance because:
it is the only method that measures cause and effect.
The mean can be particularly biased or misleading when there are a few _____ scores.
extreme
Stacey has designed an experiment with child and adult participants in which each participant is promised a reward just for participating but then no rewards are given out. Stacey predicts that the children will be more likely than the adults to express a
hypothesis
A good theory has which of the following characteristics?
It includes an integrated set of principles.
This method of descriptive research involves asking randomly selected, representative members of a group to report on their attitudes or behaviors.
survey
A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure used to assess the extent to which two factors vary _____ and therefore how well the variables predict each other.
together
Which theory implies the hypothesis that hungry adults will score higher on a math test than adults who are not hungry?
Hunger improves intellectual performance.
The head of an advertising agency predicts that the client's sales will double within six months after the new advertising campaign begins. This prediction is a hypothesis because it is:
testable
Many people believe that positive thinking helps people overcome diseases like cancer. Often, this belief results from hearing about people with positive attitudes who were cured. However, this type of correlation typically does not take into account:
contradictory evidence.
One thinking error that is made by many people is to assume that a strong correlation _____. However, this is NOT true, regardless of how strong a relationship there is between two variables.
proves causations
The _____ is a descriptive method of research in which one individual is studied in depth.
case study
By organizing observations and predicting behaviors or events, a theory provides a(n) _____
explanation
A correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor _____ the other.
predicts