Konrad Lorenz
Austrian zoologist who studied the behavior of birds and emphasized the importance of innate as opposed to learned behaviors (1903-1989)
Nature versus Nurture
A debate surrounding the relative importance of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining behavior
Teratogens
Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant
Newborn Reflexes
Reflexes are unlearned responses to particular stimuli and the environment. Early reflexes include the Babinski reflex (toes fan out and upward when soles or the feet are tickled) and the Moro reflex (flings arms and legs outward and then toward the body
Harry Harlow's Attachment Research
Used wire frame and cloth covered "mothers" to study the impact of nurturing touch, warmth, and food on infant monkey attachment.
Harry Harlow
A Psychologist who specialized in higher animal development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of (conta
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation
Parents left infants alone for a short period of time and then returned. The infants' reactions are divided into three categories.
Mary Ainsworth
A Psychologist interested mainly in developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment
Diana Baumrind
Identified three different types of parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
Lev Vygotsky
Acknowledged the impact of biology on cognitive development, but placed greater emphasis on cultural factors. Two main terms are function and concepts. Five congitive functions: Language, Thinking, Perception, Attention, and Memory.
Oral Stage
The first sexual and social stage of an infant's development (from about age 0 to 1). Libidinal energy is centered around the mouth.
Anal Stage
Freud's concept for that period of life during which the major center of bodily excitation or tension is the anus.
Phallic Stage
Freud's concept for that period of life during which excitation or tension begins to be centered in the genitals and during which there is an attraction to the parent of the opposite sex.
Latency Stage
Freud's stage of psychosexual development occuring from about age 6 to puberty during which little happens in psychosexual terms
Genital Stage
Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory
Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy), Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt , Competence vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence),Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, Integrity vs. Despair (late life review)
Erik Erikson
Created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?
Trust vs Mistrust
Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
Automony vs Shame and Doubt
Erickson's second crisis of psychosocial development; toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their own action and bodies
Initiative vs Guilt
Erikson's third crisis of psychosocial development. Preschool-aged children strive for emotional and psychological independence and attempt to satisfy their sense of curiosity about the world.
Industry vs Inferiority
The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.
Identity vs Role Confusion
Erikson's fifth crisis of psychosocial development. The major developmental task of adolescence is developing a stable ego identity, or sense of who one is.
Intimacy vs Isolation
Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation.
Generativity versus Stagnation
Erikson's 7th stage of Psychosocial development. During adulthood, we continue to build our lives, focusing on our career and family. Those who are successful during this phase will feel that they are contributing to the world by being active in their hom
Integrity vs Despair
Final stage of Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community.
Jean Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory
Theory that children gradually learn more about how the world works by little everyday "experiments" in which they test their understanding; consists of stages in which children's understanding of their surroundings becomes increasingly complex and accura
Jean Piaget
Created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)
Schemata
Mental networks of related concepts that influence understanding of new information.
Assimilation
According to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors
Accommodation
Adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
Sensorimotor Stage
A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around with it
Object Permanence
The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Preoperational Stage
The stage of thinking between infancy and middle childhood in which children are unable to decenter their thinking or to think through the consequences of an action. (2-7)
Egocentric
A young child's inability to understand another person's perspective
Concrete Operations
Stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7-11 years of age
Concepts of Conservation
These concepts demonstrate how the different aspect of objects are conserved even when their arrangement changes.
Formal Operations
Final stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think abstractly. 12-adulthood
Metacognition
A term used to describe what, how, and why people know what they know when they know it.
Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Developmental Theory
a theory that described how our ability to reason about ethical situations changed over our lives. 3 types
Lawrence Kolhberg
Focused on Moral Development. Stated there are there levels, each divided into two stages. His levels: Preconventional, Conventional, and Post Conventional. Only 40% of people enter into the Post Conventional Stage in life.
Preconventional Stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
Conventional Stage
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
Postconventional Stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
Alfred Binet
French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911)
Carol Gilligan
Maintained that K�hlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles